1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM 52921 First edition 2013-0-1 Standard terminology for additive manufacturingCoordinate systems and test methodologies Terminologie normalise pour la fabrication additive Systmes de coordonnes et mthodes dessai Reference number ISO/ASTM 52921:2013(E) ISO/ASTM Internati
2、onal 2013 ISO/ASTM International 2013 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specied, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microlm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below
3、 or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor
4、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA Tel. +610 832 9634 Fax +610 832 9635 E-mail khooperastm.org Web www.astm.org Published in Switzerland ISO/ASTM 52921:2013(E) ii ISO/ASTM International 2013 All rights reserved Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Referenced Documents . 1 3 Signicance a
5、nd Use. 1 4 Terminology 1 5 Keywords 3 Annex 4 Figure A1.1 Generic (Upward Building) Additive Manufacturing Machine/System 4 Figure A1.2 Generic (Downward Building) Additive Manufacturing Machine/System. 4 FigureA1.3 Right Hand Rule for Positive Rotations with Reference to the Build Volume Origin 5
6、Figure A1.4 Example of an Arbitrarily Oriented Minimum Bounding Box 5 Figure A1.5 Examples of Different Types of Bounding Boxes. 6 Figure A1.6 Initial Build Orientation . 7 FigureA1.7 Why is a Picture Normally Required to Communicate the Initial Build Orientation? 8 Figure A1.8 Orthogonal Orientatio
7、n Notation. 9 Figure A1.9 Examples of Bilateral Symmetry 10 Figure A1.10 Examples where Symmetry Allows Abbreviation of Orthogonal Orientation Notation. 11 Figure A1.11 Part Location and Initial Build Orientation: Five Round Bar Specimens with Z Orientation. 11 FigureA1.12 PartLocationandReorientati
8、on:RoundBarsOrientedat B+45from Zand B45 from Z. 12 Table A1.1 Description of Part Locations and Orientations 12 Table A1.2 Description of Part Locations and Orientations 12 Table X1.1 Task Group Contributors. 13 ISO/ASTM 52921:2013(E) ISO/ASTM International 2013 All rights reserved iii Foreword ISO
9、(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has be
10、en established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical stan
11、dardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accord
12、ance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. Neither ISO nor ASTM International shall be held responsible for identifying any or all such
13、patent rights.DetailsofanypatentrightsidentiedduringthedevelopmentofthedocumentwillbeintheIntroduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorse
14、ment. ISO/ASTM 52921 was prepared by ASTM International (as ASTM F2921) and was adopted, under a special “fast-track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in parallel with its approval by the ISO member bodies. This has been done under a Partner Standards Development
15、 Organization (PSDO) Cooperation Agreement between ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, and ASTM International Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies. ASTM F2921 was developed by ASTM Subcommittee F42.01, Test Methods. This rst edition of ISO/ASTM 52921 cancels and replaces ASTM F2921-11
16、3 . ISO/ASTM 52921:2013(E) iv ISO/ASTM International 2013 All rights reserved ISO/ASTM 52921:2013(E) Standard Terminology for Additive ManufacturingCoordinate Systems and Test Methodologies 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation ISO/ASTM 52921; the number immediately following the desig
17、nation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. 1. Scope 1.1 This terminology includes terms, denitions of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associated withcoordinatesystemsandtestingmethodologiesforadditive manufacturing
18、(AM) technologies in an effort to standardize terminology used by AM users, producers, researchers, educators, press/media, and others, particularly when reporting results from testing of parts made on AM systems. Terms included cover denitions for machines/systems and their coordinate systems plus
19、the location and orientation of parts. It is intended, where possible, to be compliant with ISO 841 and to clarify the specic adaptation of those principles to additive manufacturing. NOTE 1The applicability of this standard to cladding has to be evaluated. Discussions are under progress. NOTE 2Non-
20、cartesian systems are not covered by this standard. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bilit
21、y of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma- terials F2792 Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies , 2.2 ISO Standard: 3 ISO 841 Industri
22、al Automation Systems and Integration Numerical Control of MachinesCoordinate System and Motion Nomenclature ISO 527 (all parts), Plastics Determination of tensile properties ISO 6892-1 Metallic materials Tensile testing Part 1: Method of test at room temperature 3. Signicance and Use 3.1 Although m
23、any additive manufacturing systems are based heavily upon the principles of Computer Numerical Control (CNC), the coordinate systems and nomenclature specic to CNC are not sufficient to be applicable across the full spectrum of additive manufacturing equipment. This ter- minology expands upon the pr
24、inciples of ISO 841 and applies them specically to additive manufacturing. Although this terminology is intended to complement ISO 841, if there should arise any conict, this terminology shall have priority for additive manufacturing applications. For any issues not covered in this terminology, the
25、principles in ISO 841 may be applied. 3.2 Furthermore,thisterminologydoesnotprescribetheuse of any specic existing testing methodologies or standards that practitioners of AM may wish to employ for testing purposes; however, it is expected that practitioners will employ appro- priate existing method
26、ologies and standards to test parts made by AM. 4. Terminology 4.1 DenitionsDenitions shall be in accordance with Terminology F2792 and the following: 1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on Additive Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
27、 mittee F42.01 on Test Methods, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 261. Current edition approved March 26, 2013. Published May 2013. Originally published as ASTM F2921-11. Last previous edition ASTM F2921-11 3 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contac
28、t ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org. ISO/AS
29、TM International 2013 All rights reserved 1Terms and DenitionsAM Machines and their Coordinate Systems build platform, nof a machine, any base which provides a surface upon which the build is started and supported throughout the build process (see A1.1). DISCUSSIONThe machine build platform may be s
30、olid or perforated and made from a wide variety of materials and constructions. DISCUSSIONIn some systems the parts are built attached to the build platform, either directly or through a support structure. In other systems, such as powder bed systems, no direct mechanical xture between the build and
31、 the platform may be required. build surface, narea where material is added, normally on the last deposited layer which becomes the foundation upon which the next layer is formed. DISCUSSIONFor the rst layer the build surface is often the build platform. DISCUSSION If the orientation of the material
32、 deposition or consoli- dationmeans,orboth,isvariable,itmaybedenedrelativetothebuild surface (for example, a blown powder head may be kept normal to it. See also Z axis discussion). front, nof a machine, shall be designated by the machine builder. DISCUSSIONGenerally, this is the side of the machine
33、 that the operator faces to access the user interface or primary viewing window, or both. (See A1.1). machine coordinate system, na three-dimensional Carte- sian coordinate system as dened by a xed point on the build platform “with the three principal axes labeled X, Y, and Z , with rotary axes abou
34、t each of theses axes labeled A, B, and C , respectively” (see A1.1, A1.2, and A1.3) as stated in ISO 841. origin, na designated reference point at which the three primary axes in a Cartesian coordinate system intersect. Synonyms: zero point, or (0, 0, 0) when using X, Y, and Z coordinates. build vo
35、lume origin, nshall be located at the center of the build platform xed on the build facing surface. DISCUSSIONThis is a universal origin reserved for the purpose of identifying the location of parts within the build volume. (See A1.1 and A1.2). machine origin, norigin as dened by the original equip-
36、 ment manufacturer. Synonyms: machine home, machine zero point. Z axis, nof a machine, for processes employing planar layerwiseadditionofmaterial,shallrunnormaltothelayers. (See A1.1 and A1.2.) DISCUSSIONFor processes employing planar layerwise addition of material, the positive Z shall be the direc
37、tion from the rst layer to the subsequent layers (see A1.1 and A1.2). DISCUSSIONWhere addition of material is possible from multiple directions (such as with blown powder systems), the Z axis may be identied according to the principles in ISO 841 (section 4.3.3) which addresses “swiveling or gimball
38、ing.” X axis, nof a machine, shall run perpendicular to the Z axis andparalleltothefrontofthemachine.(SeeA1.1andA1.2.) DISCUSSIONWhere possible, the X axis shall be horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build platform. DISCUSSIONThe positive X direction shall be from left to right as
39、viewed from the front of the machine while facing toward the build volume origin. Y axis, nof a machine, shall run perpendicular to the Z and X axes with positive direction dened to make a right hand set of coordinates as specied in ISO 841. DISCUSSIONWhere possible, the Y axis shall be horizontal a
40、nd parallel with one of the edges of the build platform. DISCUSSIONIn the most common case of an upwards Z positive direction, the positive Y direction shall be from the front to the back of the machine as viewed from the front of the machine (see A1.1). DISCUSSIONIn the case of building in the down
41、wards Z positive direction the positive Y direction shall be from the back of the machine to the front as viewed from the front of the machine (see A1.2). Terms and DenitionsLocation and Orientation of Parts Within the Build Volume arbitrarily oriented minimum bounding box, nof a part, the minimum p
42、erimeter cuboid that can span the maximum extents of the points on the surface of a 3D part calculated without any constraints on the resulting orientation of the box (see A1.4 and A1.5). DISCUSSIONWherethemanufacturedpartincludesthetestgeometry plus additional external features (for example, labels
43、, tabs or raised lettering), the bounding box may be specied according to the test part geometry excluding the additional external features if noted. geometric center, nof a bounding box, location at the arithmeticmiddleoftheboundingboxofthepart.Synonym: centroid. DISCUSSIONThecenteroftheboundingbox
44、maylieoutsidethepart. initial build orientation, nof a part, is the orientation of the part as rst placed in the build volume and becomes the reference for any further part reorientation (see A1.6). DISCUSSIONThe initial build orientation is most easily communi- cated via 3D computer models (which c
45、an be interrogated for part position and orientation relative to the build volume origin). Where practical, the initial build orientation may be designated as the part orientation in the 3D computer model. Without electronic transfer of computer models, it should be documented with image(s) of the p
46、art(s) within the build volume and their orientation relative to the build volume origin (see A1.6 and A1.7). orthogonal orientation notation, n of a parts initial build orientation,maybeusedwhentheintendedbuildorientation for a part is such that its arbitrarily oriented minimum ISO/ASTM 52921:2013(
47、E) 2 ISO/ASTM International 2013 All rights reserved boundingboxisalignedparalleltothe X, Y,and Zaxesofthe build volume origin (as shown in A1.5(c), its orientation may be described by listing which axis is parallel to the longest overall dimension of the bounding box rst, fol- lowed by the axis whi
48、ch is parallel to the second longest overall dimension of the bounding box second, followed by the axis which is parallel to the third longest overall dimension of the bounding box. DISCUSSION For example, a specimen which is placed so that its longest dimension is parallel to the Z axis, the second
49、 longest dimension is parallel to the X axis, and its shortest overall dimension is parallel to the Y axis shall be dened as having a ZXY orientation (see A1.8 and A1.10 for examples). DISCUSSIONWhere symmetry allows unambiguous designation of orientation by listing fewer than three axes (in descending order of leng
