1、Guide for dosimetry in radiation research on food and agricultural products Guide de la dosimtrie pour la recherche dans le domaine de lirradiation des produits alimentaires et agricoles INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM STANDARD 51900 Second edition 2009-06-15 Reference number ISO/ASTM 51900:2009(E) ISO/ASTM
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5、iat or ASTM International at the addresses given below. ISO/ASTM International 2009 Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecied,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical, including photocopying and microlm, without permission in writing from either ISO
6、 at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org ASTM Internat
7、ional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA Tel. +610 832 9634 Fax +610 832 9635 E-mail khooperastm.org Web www.astm.org Published in the United States ISO/ASTM51900:2009(E) ii ISO/ASTM International 2009 All rights reservedContents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 Referenced
8、documents . 1 3 Terminology 2 4 Signicance and use . 3 5 Irradiation facilities and modes of operation 3 6 Radiation source characteristics 4 7 Dosimetry systems 5 8 Performance qualication 7 9 Experimental methodology and dose mapping 7 10 Dosimetry during experimentation 9 11 Documentation 10 12 M
9、easurement uncertainty 10 13 Keywords 11 ANNEX . 11 Bibliography . 11 Figure 1 Dosimeter placement for dose mapping a product container for photon irradiation 8 Figure 2 Experimental set-up for the irradiation of ground meat . 9 Figure 3 Step width selection of target dose . 9 Table 1 Examples of ro
10、utine dosimeters (see ISO/ASTM Guide 51261) . 5 ISO/ASTMFDIS 51900:2009(E) iii ISO/ASTM International 2009 All rights reservedForeword ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards
11、 is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take p
12、art in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Sta
13、ndard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies casting a vote. ASTM International is one of the worlds largest voluntary standards development organizations with global participation from affected stakeholders. ASTM technical committees follow rigorous due process balloting procedures.
14、 A project between ISO and ASTM International has been formed to develop and maintain a group of ISO/ASTM radiation processing dosimetry standards. Under this project, ASTM Subcommittee E10.01, Radiation Processing: Dosimetry and Applications, is responsible for the development and maintenance of th
15、ese dosimetry standards with unrestricted participation and input from appropriate ISO member bodies. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. Neither ISO nor ASTM International shall be held responsible for identifying any
16、 or all such patent rights. International Standard ISO/ASTM 51900 was developed by ASTM Committee E10, Nuclear Technology and Applications, through Subcommittee E10.01, and by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy. Thissecondeditioncancelsandreplacestherstedition(ISO/ASTM51900:2002),whichhas
17、beentechnically revised. ISO/ASTM51900:2009(E) iv ISO/ASTM International 2009 All rights reservedISO/ASTM51900:2009(E) Standard Guide for Dosimetry in Radiation Research on Food and Agricultural Products 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation ISO/ASTM 51900; the number immediately follo
18、wing the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. 1. Scope 1.1 Thisguidecoverstheminimumrequirementsfordosim- etry needed to conduct research on the effect of radiation on food and agricultural products. Such research includes estab-
19、 lishment of the quantitative relationship between absorbed dose and the relevant effects in these products. This guide also describes the overall need for dosimetry in such research, and in reporting of the results. Dosimetry must be considered as an integral part of the experiment. NOTE 1The Codex
20、 Alimentarius Commission has developed an international General Standard and a Code of Practice that address the applicationofionizingradiationtothetreatmentoffoodsandthatstrongly emphasize the role of dosimetry for ensuring that irradiation will be properly performed (1). 2 NOTE 2This guide include
21、s tutorial information in the form of Notes. Researchers should also refer to the references provided at the end of the standard, and other applicable scientic literature, to assist in the experimental methodology as applied to dosimetry (2-10). 1.2 This guide covers research conducted using the fol
22、low- ing types of ionizing radiation: gamma radiation, X-ray (bremsstrahlung), and electron beams. 1.3 This guide describes dosimetry requirements for estab- lishingtheexperimentalmethodandforroutineexperiments.It does not include dosimetry requirements for installation quali- cation or operational
23、qualication of the irradiation facility. These subjects are treated in ISO/ASTM Practices 51204, 51431, 51608, 51649, and 51702. 1.4 This guide is not intended to limit the exibility of the experimenter in the determination of the experimental meth- odology.Thepurposeoftheguideistoensurethattheradia
24、tion source and experimental methodology are chosen such that the results of the experiment will be useful and understandable to other scientists and regulatory agencies. 1.5 The overall uncertainty in the absorbed-dose measure- ment and the inherent absorbed-dose variation within the irradiatedsamp
25、leshouldbetakenintoaccount(seeISO/ASTM Guide 51707). 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bili
26、ty of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 3 E 170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry E 925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Slit Width does not Exceed 2 nm E 1026 Pr
27、actice for Using the Fricke Reference-Standard Dosimetry System E 2232 Guide for Selection and Use of Mathematical Meth- odsforCalculatingAbsorbedDoseinRadiationProcessing Applications E 2303 Guide for Absorbed-Dose Mapping in Radiation Processing Facilities E 2304 Practice for Use of a LiF Photo-Fl
28、uorescent Film Dosimetry System E 2381 Guide for Dosimetry In Radiation Processing of Fluidized Beds and Fluid Streams F 1355 Guide for Irradiation of Fresh Agricultural Produce as a Phytosanitary Treatment F 1356 Practice for Irradiation of Fresh and Frozen Red Meat and Poultry to Control Pathogens
29、 and Other Micro- organisms F 1640 Guide for Selection and Use of Packaging Materials for Foods to Be Irradiated F 1736 Guide for Irradiation of Finsh and Aquatic Inver- tebrates Used as Food to Control Pathogens and Spoilage Microorganisms F 1885 Guide for Irradiation of Dried Spices, Herbs, and Ve
30、getable Seasonings to Control Pathogens and Other Microorganisms 2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards: 3 51204 Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facili- ties for Food Processing 51205 PracticeforUseofaCeric-CerousSulfateDosimetry System 1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuc
31、lear Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E10.01 on Radiation Processing: Dosimetry andApplications, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3. Current edition approved June 18, 2008. Published June 2009. Originally published as ASTM E 190097. Last
32、previous ASTM edition E 190097. The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51900:2009(E) replaces E 190097 and is a major revision of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM 51900:2002(E). 2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of this guide. 3 For referenced ASTM and
33、 ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 1 ISO/ASTM International 2009 All rights reserved51261 Guide for Sel
34、ection and Calibration of Dosimetry Systems for Radiation Processing 51275 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry System 51276 Practice for Use of a Polymethylmethacrylate Do- simetry System 51310 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry System 51431 Practice for Dos
35、imetry in Electron Beam and X-ray (Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for Food Process- ing 51538 Practice for Use of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Do- simetry System 51540 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Liquid Dosim- etry System 51607 Practice for Use of the Alanine-EPR Dosimetry System 51608 P
36、ractice for Dosimetry in an X-ray (Bremsstrahlung) Facility for Radiation Processing 51649 Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies between 300 keVand 25 MeV 51650 Practice for Use of Cellulose Triacetate Dosimetry Systems 51702 Practice for Dosimetry in
37、a Gamma Irradiation Fa- cility for Radiation Processing 51707 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for Radiation Processing 51818 Guide for Dosimetry in an Electron Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies Between 80 and 300 keV 51956 Practice for Use of Thermoluminescence Dosim
38、etry (TLD) Systems for Radiation Processing 52116 Practice for Dosimetry for a Self-Contained Dry Storage Gamma Irradiator 2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) Reports: 4 ICRU 60 Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation 2.4 NPL Report: CIRM29 :Guidel
39、inesforCalibrationofDosimetersforUse in Radiation Processing, Sharpe, P., and Miller, A., Au- gust, 1999 3. Terminology 3.1 Denitions: 3.1.1 absorbed dose (D)quantity of ionizing radiation energy imparted per unit mass of a specied material. The SI unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), where 1 gra
40、y is equivalent to the absorption of 1 joule per kilogram of the specied material (1 Gy = 1 J/kg). The mathematical relation- ship is the quotient of d by dm, where d is the mean incremental energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of incremental mass dm. D 5 d /dm (1) 3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe d
41、iscontinued unit for absorbed dose is the rad (1 rad = 100 erg/g = 0.01 Gy).Absorbed dose is sometimes referred to simply as dose. 3.1.2 absorbed-dose mappingmeasurement of absorbed dose within an irradiated product to produce a one-, two- or three-dimensionaldistributionofabsorbeddose,thusrendering
42、 a map of absorbed-dose values. 3.1.3 absorbed-dose rate D absorbed dose in a material per incremental time interval, that is, the quotient of dD by dt (see ICRU 60). D 5 dD/dt (2) Unit: Gy s -1 3.1.4 accredited dosimetry calibration laboratory dosimetry laboratory with formal recognition by an accr
43、editing organization that the dosimetry laboratory is competent to carry out specic activities which lead to the calibration or calibration verication of dosimetry systems in accordance with documented requirements of the accrediting organization. 3.1.5 bremsstrahlungbroad-spectrum electromagnetic r
44、a- diation emitted when an energetic charge particle is inuenced by a strong electric or magnetic eld, such as that in the vicinity of an atomic nucleus. 3.1.6 charged-particle equilibriumcondition in which the kinetic energy of charged particles, excluding rest mass, entering an innitesimal volume
45、of the irradiated material equalsthekineticenergyofchargedparticlesemergingfromit. 3.1.7 dose uniformity ratioratio of the maximum to the minimum absorbed dose within the irradiated product. 3.1.8 dosimeterdevice that, when irradiated, exhibits a quantiable change that can be related to absorbed dos
46、e in a given material using appropriate measurement instruments and procedures. 3.1.9 dosimeter responsereproducible, quantiable radia- tioneffectproducedinthedosimeterbyagivenabsorbeddose. 3.1.10 dosimetry systemsystem used for determining ab- sorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurement inst
47、ru- ments and their associated reference standards, and procedures for the systems use. 3.1.11 electron equilibriumcharged-particle equilibrium when the charged particles are electrons set in motion by photons irradiating the material. See charged-particle equilib- rium. 3.1.12 reference-standard do
48、simeterdosimeter of high metrological quality, used as a standard to provide measure- ments traceable to measurements made using primary-standard dosimeters. 3.1.13 repeatability (of results of measurements) closeness of the agreement between the results of successive measurements of the same measur
49、and carried out subject to all of the following conditions; the same measurement procedure, the same observer, the same measuring instrument, used under the same conditions, the same location, and repetition over a short period of time. 4 Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measure- ments, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. ISO/ASTM51900:2009(E) 2 ISO/ASTM International 2009 All rights reserved3.1.13.1 DiscussionThese conditions are called “repeat
