1、Practice for use of the ethanol-chlorobenzene dosimetry systemPratique de lutilisation dun systme dosimtrique lthanolchlorobenzneINTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTMSTANDARD 51538Second edition2009-06-15Reference numberISO/ASTM 51538:2009(E) ISO/ASTM International 2009PDF disclaimerThis PDF file may contain embed
2、ded typefaces. In accordance withAdobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shallnot be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. Indownloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not
3、infringing Adobes licensing policy. Neither the ISO CentralSecretariat nor ASTM International accepts any liability in this area.Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the
4、 PDF-creationparameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodiesand ASTM members. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the ISO Central Secretariat or ASTMInternational at the address
5、es given below. ISO/ASTM International 2009All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the addre
6、ss below or ISOs member body in the country of therequester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
7、r Drive, PO Box C700,West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USATel. +610 832 9634Fax +610 832 9635E-mail khooperastm.orgWeb www.astm.orgPublished in the United StatesISO/ASTM 51538:2009(E)ii ISO/ASTM International 2009 All rights reservedContents Page1 Scope . 12 Referenced documents . 13 Terminology 24
8、Significance and use . 25 Interferences . 36 Apparatus . 37 Reagents 48 Preparation of dosimeters 49 Calibration of the mercuric nitrate solution 410 Calibration of the dosimetry system . 411 Application of dosimetry system . 512 Minimum documentation requirements . 513 Measurement Uncertainty 614 K
9、eywords 6Annexes 7Bibliography . 10Table 1 Typical ECB solution formulations 3Table 2 Temperature coefficients k (C)1for typical ECB solution formulations 3Table A3.1 Characteristics of some applicable methods 9Table A3.2 Some suppliers of readout instruments suitable for use with Ethanol-Chlorobenz
10、ene(ECB) dosimetry . 10Table A3.3 Some suppliers of Ethanol-Chlorobenzene (ECB) dosimeters . 10ISO/ASTM 51538:2009(E)iii ISO/ASTM International 2009 All rights reservedForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies(ISO member b
11、odies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISOtechnical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has beenestablished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
12、non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with theInternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies
13、 forvoting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodiescasting a vote.ASTM International is one of the worlds largest voluntary standards development organizations with globalparticipation from affected stakeholders. ASTM technical committees follo
14、w rigorous due process ballotingprocedures.A project between ISO and ASTM International has been formed to develop and maintain a group ofISO/ASTM radiation processing dosimetry standards. Under this project, ASTM Subcommittee E10.01,Radiation Processing: Dosimetry and Applications, is responsible f
15、or the development and maintenance ofthese dosimetry standards with unrestricted participation and input from appropriate ISO member bodies.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patentrights. Neither ISO nor ASTM International shall be
16、 held responsible for identifying any or all such patentrights.International Standard ISO/ASTM 51538 was developed by ASTM Committee E10, Nuclear Technology andApplications, through Subcommittee E10.01, and by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy.This second edition cancels and replaces the
17、 first edition (ISO/ASTM 51538:2002), which has been technicallyrevised.ISO/ASTM 51538:2009(E)iv ISO/ASTM International 2009 All rights reservedISO/ASTM 51538:2009(E)Standard Practice forUse of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimetry System1This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51
18、538; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedure for preparation,handling, testing, and use of the ethanol-chlorobenzene (ECB)dosimetry system to determin
19、e absorbed dose (in terms ofabsorbed dose to water) in materials irradiated by photons(gamma radiation or X-radiation/bremsstrahlung) or high en-ergy electrons. The system consists of a dosimeter and appro-priate analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the systemwill be referred to as the ECB sy
20、stem. It is classified as areference-standard dosimetry system and is also used as aroutine dosimetry system (see ISO/ASTM Guide 51261).1.2 This practice describes the mercurimetric titrationanalysis as a standard readout procedure for the ECB dosimeterwhen used as a reference standard dosimetry sys
21、tem. Otherreadout methods (spectrophotometric, oscillometric) that areapplicable when the ECB system is used as a routine dosimetrysystem are described in Annex A1 and Annex A2.1.3 This practice applies provided the following conditionsare satisfied:1.3.1 The absorbed dose range is between 10 Gy and
22、 2 MGyfor gamma radiation and between 10 Gy and 200 kGy for highcurrent electron accelerators (1,2).2(Warningthe boilingpoint of ethanol chlorobenzene solutions is approximately80C. Ampoules may explode if the temperature during irra-diation exceeds the boiling point. This boiling point may beexceed
23、ed if an absorbed dose greater than 200 kGy is given ina short period of time.)1.3.2 The absorbed-dose rate is less than 106Gy s1(2).1.3.3 For radionuclide gamma-ray sources, the initial pho-ton energy is greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlungphotons, the energy of the electrons used to produce th
24、ebremsstrahlung photons is equal to or greater than 2 MeV. Forelectron beams, the initial electron energy is equal to or greaterthan 4 MeV (3) (see ICRU Reports 34 and 35).NOTE 1The same response relative to60Co gamma radiation wasobtained in high-power bremsstrahlung irradiation produced bya5MeVele
25、ctron accelerator (4). The lower limits of energy given are appropriatefor a cylindrical dosimeter ampoule of 12-mm diameter. Corrections fordose gradients across an ampoule of that diameter or less are not required.The ECB system may be used at energies of incident electrons lower than4 MeV by empl
26、oying thinner (in the beam direction) dosimeters. The ECBsystem may also be used at X-ray energies as low as 120 kVp (5).However, in this range of photon energies the effect caused by theampoule wall is considerable.1.3.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter is withinthe range from 40C to 80
27、C.NOTE 2The temperature dependence of dosimeter response is knownonly in this range (see 4.3). For use outside this range, the dosimetrysystem should be calibrated for the required range of irradiation tempera-tures.1.4 The effects of size and shape of the dosimeter on theresponse of the dosimeter c
28、an adequately be taken into accountby performing the appropriate calculations using cavity theory(6).1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and hea
29、lth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warningsare given in 8.2 and 9.2.2. Referenced documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 912 Practice for Designing a Process for Cleaning Tech-nical GlassesD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterE 170 Terminology Re
30、lating to Radiation Measurementsand DosimetryE 275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performanceof Ultraviolet and Visible SpectrophotometersE 666 Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose FromGamma or X RadiationE 668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Deter
31、mining Absorbed Dosein Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic DevicesE 925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration ofUltraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose SpectralSlit Width does not Exceed 2 nmE 958 Practice for Measuring Practical Spectral Bandwidthof Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer
32、s2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:351261 Guide for Selection and Calibration of Dosimetry1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on NuclearTechnology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE10.01 on Radiation Processing: Dosimetry and Applications, and is also
33、under thejurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.Current edition approved June 18, 2008. Published June 2009. Originallypublished as ASTM E 1538-93. Last previous ASTM edition E 153899. ASTM E153893 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO15563:1998(E). The present International Stand
34、ard ISO/ASTM 51538:2009 (E) is amajor revision of ISO/ASTM 51538:2002(E), which replaced ISO 15563.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of thispractice.3For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Serv
35、ice at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standardsDocument Summary page on the ASTM website.1 ISO/ASTM International 2009 All rights reservedSystems for Radiation Processing51400 Practice for Characterization and Performance of aHigh-Dose Gamma-Radiat
36、ion Dosimetry CalibrationLaboratory51707 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry forRadiation Processing2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units andMeasurements (ICRU) Reports:4ICRU Report 14 Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays and GammaRays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 60MeVI
37、CRU Report 17 Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays Generatedat Potentials of 5 to 150 kVICRU Report 34 The Dosimetry of Pulsed RadiationICRU Report 35 Radiation Dosimetry: Electrons withInitial Energies Between 1 and 50 MeVICRU Report 37 Stopping Powers for Electrons andPositronsICRU Report 60 Fundamental Qu
38、antities and Units forIonizing Radiation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 calibrationset of operations under specified condi-tions, which establishes the relationship between values indi-cated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, and thecorresponding values realised by standards traceabl
39、e to anationally or internationally recognized laboratory.3.1.1.1 DiscussionCalibration conditions include envi-ronmental and irradiation conditions present during irradiation,storage and measurement of the dosimeters that are used for thegeneration of a calibration curve. To achieve stable environ-
40、mental conditions, it may be necessary to condition thedosimeters before performing the calibration procedure.3.1.2 calibration curvegraphical representation of thedosimetry systems response function.3.1.3 dosimetry systemsystem used for determining ab-sorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurem
41、ent instru-ments and their associated reference standards, and proceduresfor the systems use.3.1.4 ethanol-chlorobenzene dosimeterpartly deoxygen-ated solution of chlorobenzene (CB) in 96 volume % ethanol inan appropriate container, such as a flame-sealed glass ampoule,used to indicate absorbed dose
42、 by measurement of the amountof HCl formed under irradiation.3.1.5 measurement quality assurance plandocumentedprogram for the measurement process that ensures that theexpanded uncertainty consistently meets the requirements ofthe specific application. This plan requires traceability tonationally or
43、 internationally recognized standards.3.1.6 molar linear absorption coeffcient mconstant re-lating the spectrophotometric absorbance, Al, of an opticallyabsorbing molecular species at a given wavelength, l, per unitpathlength, d, to the molar concentration, c, of that species insolution:m5Ald 3 c(1)
44、(SI unit: m2mol1)3.1.6.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes expressed in units of Lmol1cm1.3.1.7 radiation chemical yield G(x)quotient of n(x) by where n(x) is the mean amount of a specified entity, x,produced, destroyed, or changed by the mean energy, imparted to the matter.Gx! 5 nx! / (2)(SI unit: mol J1)3
45、.1.8 reference-standard dosimeterdosimeter of highmetrological quality used as a standard to provide measure-ments traceable to measurements made using primary-standarddosimeters.3.1.9 response functionmathematical representation ofthe relationship between dosimeter response and absorbeddose, for a
46、given dosimetry system.3.1.10 routine dosimeterdosimeter calibrated against aprimary-, reference-, or transfer-standard dosimeter and usedfor routine absorbed-dose measurements.3.1.11 traceabilityproperty of the result of a measurementor the value of a standard whereby it can be related to statedref
47、erences, usually national or international standards, throughan unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncertain-ties.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 conductometryanalytical method based on the mea-surement of conductivity of solutions.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe conducti
48、vity of a solution dependson the concentration of free ions in the solution.3.2.2 oscillometryelectroanalytical method of conductiv-ity measurements, when high-frequency (1 to 600 MHz)alternating current is applied to measure or follow changes inthe composition of chemical systems.3.3 Definitions of
49、 other terms used in this standard thatpertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be foundin ASTM Terminology Standard E 170. Definitions in ASTME 170 are compatible with ICRU 60; that document, therefore,may be used as an alternative reference.4. Significance and use4.1 The ECB dosimetry system provides a reliable means ofmeasuring absorbed dose in materials. It is based on a processof radiolytic formation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in aqueousethanolic solutions of chlorobenzene by ionizing radiation (7,8
