1、 ISO 2012 Wheelchairs Part 16: Resistance to ignition of postural support devices Fauteuils roulants Partie 16: Rsistance linflammation des dispositifs de soutien postural INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7176-16 Second edition 2012-12-01 Reference number ISO 7176-16:2012(E) ISO 7176-16:2012(E)ii ISO 2012
2、 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either
3、 ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 7176-16:2012(E) Foreword ISO (the International Orga
4、nization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been establis
5、hed has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization
6、. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. P
7、ublication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such pate
8、nt rights. ISO 7176-16 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 173, Assistive products for persons with disability, Subcommittee SC 1, Wheelchairs. T h i s s e c o n d e d i t i o n c a n c e l s a n d r e p l a c e s t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n ( ISO 7176-16:1997), which has been technically r
9、evised. ISO 7176 consists of the following parts, under the general title Wheelchairs: Part 1: Determination of static stability Part 2: Determination of dynamic stability of electric wheelchairs Part 3: Determination of effectiveness of brakes Part 4: Energy consumption of electric wheelchairs and
10、scooters for determination of theoretical distance range Part 5: Determination of dimensions, mass and manoeuvring space Part 6: Determination of maximum speed, acceleration and deceleration of electric wheelchairs Part 7: Measurement of seating and wheel dimensions Part 8: Requirements and test met
11、hods for static, impact and fatigue strengths Part 9: Climatic tests for electric wheelchairs Part 10: Determination of obstacle-climbing ability of electrically powered wheelchairs Part 11: Te s t dummies Part 13: Determination of coefficient of friction of test surfaces Par t 14: Power and control
12、 systems for electrically powered wheelchairs and scooters Requirements and test methods Part 15: Requirements for information disclosure, documentation and labelling Part 16: Resistance to ignition of postural support devices Part 19: Wheeled mobility devices for use as seats in motor vehicles ISO
13、2012 All rights reserved iii ISO 7176-16:2012(E) Part 21: Requirements and test methods for electromagnetic compatibility of electrically powered wheelchairs and scooters, and battery chargers Part 22: Set-up procedures Part 23: Requirements and test methods for attendant-operated stair-climbing dev
14、ices Part 24: Requirements and test methods for user-operated stair-climbing devices Part 25: Batteries and chargers for powered wheelchairs - Requirements and test methods Part 26: Vocabulary Part 28: Requirements and test methods for stair-climbing devices A technical report (ISO/TR 13570-1) is al
15、so available giving a simplified explanation of these parts of ISO 7176. iv ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO 7176-16:2012(E) Introduction The ignition and subsequent burning of wheelchairs is very rare, but can occur as a result of: being close to a burning object such as a fire beside the wheelchai
16、r; overheating of any electrical or electronic device on the wheelchair; fire sources (such as cigarettes or matches) falling onto the wheelchair. Wheelchair occupants are at particular risk of injury or death from these fires and resulting fumes because they may not have the ability to move away fr
17、om the wheelchair. Wheelchairs can be considered to be comprised of the following components: a) structural components such as the frame, wheels, etc., which are essential to the mechanical integrity of the wheelchair; b) postural support devices, such as sling seats, sling backs, arm supports, foot
18、 supports, etc., which are attached to the wheelchair and/or its seating system and are primarily intended to give postural support to the wheelchair occupant; c) components to manage tissue integrity, such as seat or back support cushions, which are intended to have primarily a clinical function to
19、 minimize the risks of skin damage (these may also be intended to control posture); d) power-related components such as motors, energy sources, controllers, etc., which are required for the functioning of powered wheelchairs. Each of the above components has a different severity of risk associated w
20、ith their likelihood of igniting and of their resulting harm to the wheelchair occupant. ISO standards have been published or are in preparation to specify requirements and test methods for the above categories of components in order to help manufacturers and purchasers of wheelchairs to design and
21、procure wheelchairs and their components which are appropriate for the risk of ignition balanced against the requirements of the wheelchair occupant. The aim of these ISO standards is to provide appropriate alternatives to using furniture-based standards, to reflect the uses and purposes of wheelcha
22、irs and their accessories. The development of an ISO standard on the resistance to ignition of structural components see list item a) above has not yet commenced. The most likely sources of ignition are proximity to a heat source such as an electric radiator or domestic fire or a heat source such as
23、 a lighted match or cigarette falling onto the structure. The tissue integrity components see c) are the subject of a draft ISO standard (ISO 16840-10), and permit a less stringent resistance to ignition based upon their priority for their clinical function which can override the need for a high res
24、istance to ignitability. The power related components see d) are the subject of ISO 7176-14 which specifies requirements to prevent overheating in electrical components that could lead to a fire. This part of ISO 7176 is primarily concerned with the resistance to ignition of postural support devices
25、 see b) of a wheelchair. These typically include arm supports, sling seats, sling backs, lower leg supports, foot supports, lateral supports, head supports, etc. The most likely source of ignition is an open flame source falling onto the components surface or into gaps between surfaces. Consequently
26、, this part of ISO 7176 is written around resistance to an ignition source equivalent to a lighted match in contact with a test sample of an assembly of the upholstered parts composite materials in both a vertical and horizontal orientation. This part of ISO 7176 replaces ISO 7176-16:1997 since the
27、latter only related to upholstered parts of a wheelchair and was originally based on furniture test methods and requirements, and therefore was not appropriate for clinically oriented components on a wheelchair. The requirements of this part of ISO 7176 have been set at a basic minimum level and are
28、 less severe than mandatory requirements in some countries. Good practice is also to use materials which minimize ISO 2012 All rights reserved v ISO 7176-16:2012(E) the risk of release of toxic substances as a result of ignition. Materials chosen shall also comply with biocompatibility requirements.
29、 The day-to-day usage of a wheelchair can affect its materials resistance to ignition through cyclic loading, movement of materials, washing, cleaning, etc. Manufacturers will often take these effects into account as part of their risk assessment when selecting materials for their products, to minim
30、ize the effects of this normal use. However, although this part of ISO 7176 can be used on parts that have been used, etc., the test samples specify new or unused parts. Different environments commonly encountered by some wheelchair occupants can also affect the flammability of materials. For exampl
31、e, home oxygen systems, delivery systems for drugs carried in an inflammable medium, etc., can turn an inert material into a flammable one. Dust and other materials accumulated within the chair have also been found to be a source of readily ignitable material. Wheelchair manufacturers and occupants
32、should be aware of these risks, and design and use wheelchairs accordingly, as covered by ISO 14971. This part of ISO 7176 describes testing an assembly of the composite of materials as used in the wheelchair component, because the resistance to ignition of these materials individually may be quite
33、different from those when assembled as a composite. Hence the results of testing to this part of ISO 7176 do not give any indication of the resistance to ignition of any of the separate individual materials of the postural support device.vi ISO 2012 All rights reserved Wheelchairs Part 16: Resistanc
34、e to ignition of postural support devices 1 Scope This part of ISO 7176 specifies requirements and test methods to assess the resistance to ignition by match flame equivalent of all postural support devices that are supplied to be part of a wheelchair or its seating system. This part of ISO 7176 onl
35、y determines the resistance to ignition of the devices tested and not the ignitability of the complete wheelchair. This part of ISO 7176 does not apply to the resistance to ignition of other parts of a wheelchair, e.g. wheels, framework. This part of ISO 7176 does not take into consideration changes
36、 in resistance to ignition as a result of washing or use. This part of ISO 7176 allows for the separate testing of inferior/superior supports (e.g. arm supports), which are usually used in the horizontal plane, and anterior/posterior/lateral/medial supports (e.g. thoracic harnesses, calf panels), wh
37、ich are usually used in the vertical plane. Until such time as a flammability standard is available for the testing of other components or accessories of the wheelchair, it is advisable that any structural components considered to be at risk are tested at least to the ignitability levels of this par
38、t of ISO 7176. NOTE 1 The requirements of this part of ISO 7176 have been set at a basic minimum level and are less severe than mandatory requirements in some countries. Where practical, it is advisable that manufacturers use materials with superior resistance to ignition. NOTE 2 Requirements for th
39、e control of risks from sources of fire created by electrical and electronic components are included in ISO 7176-14. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only
40、the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 8191-2:1988, Furniture Assessment of ignitability of upholstered furniture Part 2: Ignition source: match flame equivalent ISO 7176-15, Wheelchairs Part 15: Requir
41、ements for information disclosure, documentation and labelling ISO 7176-26, Wheelchairs Part 26: Vocabulary ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing Specifications 3 T erms an d definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7176-26 and th
42、e following apply. INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 7176-16:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1 ISO 7176-16:2012(E) 3.1 progressive smouldering exothermic oxidation, not accompanied by flaming, that is self-propagating, i.e. independent of the ignition source. It may or may not be accompanied by incan
43、descence ISO 8191-2:1988, definition 3.1 3.2 f la ming undergoing combustion in the gaseous phase with the emission of light ISO 8191-2:1988, definition 3.2 4 Principle Test materials as used in any postural support devices are assembled in either horizontal or vertical samples and subjected to an i
44、gnition source which is equivalent to a match flame. The resulting effects on the test materials are observed and measured. 5 Health and safety of test personnel 5.1 General WARNING The following test methods call for the use of procedures that may be injurious to health if adequate precautions are
45、not taken. These precautions are drawn from ISO 8191-2:1988, Clause 6. 5.2 Enclosure For safety, the tests should be conducted in a non-combustible fume cupboard. If such a cupboard is not available, a test enclosure should be constructed (see 6.2) so that the operator is protected from the fumes. 5
46、.3 Extinguishers Adequate means of extinguishing the assembly should be provided, bearing in mind that some combinations may produce severe flaming during the test. A hand and/or a fixed water spray which can be directed over the burning area can be useful. Other means such as fire extinguishers (wa
47、ter and halogenated hydrocarbons), fire blankets and a bucket of water will assist. In some cases smouldering may be difficult to extinguish completely and complete immersion in water may be necessary. 6 Apparatus 6.1 Test rig Use a test rig as specified in ISO 8191-2 or use the wheelchair on which
48、the postural support is to be used (or an equivalent subassembly/frame), provided that the assembly being tested is positioned in a horizontal or vertical plane. NOTE 1 The frame of the test rig described as the back frame with a width of 450 mm 2 mm, but with a height of 450 mm 2 mm, can be used fo
49、r both the horizontal and vertical tests. NOTE 2 T h e w h e e l c h a i r m a y n e e d t o b e r e o r i e n t e d t o a c h i e v e t h e h o r i z o n t a l o r v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n o f t h e postural support.2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO 7176-16:2012(E) 6.2 Test enclosure The test enclosure shall consist of either a room with a volume greater than 20 m 3(which contains adequate oxygen for testing) or a smaller enclosure with a through flow of air
