1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 58784982/ADDENDUM 1 Published 1983-02-15 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION.MEI(fiYHAPO,IJHAR OPl-AHM3AL b) the existence of systematic meridional components in the zone 0 to 30 N - a northerly component in the lower troposphere and a southerly component in the
2、 middle troposphere; c) a predominantly westerly flow in sub-tropical latitudes (30 to 4OO); the wind speed increases sharply with altitude, reaching a maximum at altitudes of 10 to 13 km in the sub- tropical jet stream; d) in temperate latitudes (40 to 600), a generally westerly flow having a wave-
3、like form; jet streams with axes at altitudes of about 8 to 9 km are associated with systems of mobile cyclones and are therefore more variable than the sub-tropical jet stream and much of the detail of their structure and location is lost in the averaging process; e) in the stratosphere, the air fl
4、ow is characterized by a seasonal of monsoon-type of direction change; to the north of 30 N, westerly winds occur in winter, changing to easterly in summer, with negative wind shears (wind speed decreasing with height) prevailing in the altitude range 9 to 20 km; to the north of 60 to 65O N, abrupt
5、positive wind shears prevail in winter, and there is a strong westerly jet stream in the polar stratosphere. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and several countries have published detailed tables and atlases of the wind characteristicslI 2, 71, and these cari be used to provide infor- mati
6、on in the form required for a given purpose. However, it would probably be wrong to expect the specialist user, who may not be a meteorologist, to extract the required information from the huge store of climatological material available. It seems reasonable, therefore, the present wind data, aver- a
7、ged over major regions, in the form of this addendum to ISO 5878. 1 Scope and field of application The addendum presents data on spatial distribution of wind characteristics, for use in estimating the performance of aircraft in the design stage or of aircraft already in service, for planning air rou
8、tes and for estimating the global transport of atmospheric contaminants. 2 Methodological aspects and analysis of the data The tables and graphs given are based on a comprehensive study and statistical analysis of wind data for the earths sur- face and eight isobaric surfaces over the northern hemis
9、phere. The analysis is based on a large and uniform statistical sample, the major part of which has been published3# 41- About two million observations from 369 aerological stations for the nine- year period 1957 to 1965 were processed. In addition, statistical data from 50 further station b) mean z
10、ona1 component mean wind), VX; cl mean meridional component the vector mean wind), vY; d) 0x; component vector meridional component of standard deviation of the zona1 component of the wind, e) standard deviation of the meridional component of the wind, ay. The seasonal changes of the wind characteri
11、stics at the dif- ferent isobaric surfaces and the effects of topography and sur- face roughness were taken into account in the analysis of the maps and in drawing isotachs. The information read off at the grid points at intervals of 10 of longitude and 10 of latitude for the earths surface and for
12、the 850, 700, 500, 300, 200, 100, 50 and 30 mbar isobaric surfaces served as a basis for the calculation of the average wind characteristics within each of the latitude zones. 3 ISO 5878-1982/Add.l-1983 (E) Thus the mean value for a zone, v, of a characteristic is given by the equation : v 1 n =- n
13、c Vi . . . (1) . I= 1 4) polar zone, 60 - 80 N (zone of the polar-night stratospheric westerly jet stream of winter); 5) meridional cross-section along 140 E : this illustra- tes the circulation near the east Asian coastline of the Pacifie Ocean, where the sub-tropical jet stream reaches its maximum
14、 intensity; and the corresponding standard deviation, o, by where 6) meridional cross-section along 80 E : this illustrates the circulation over the Siberian anticyclone in winter, the jet streams over Tibet, the monsoon circulation over India and the easterly jet stream over the northern parts of t
15、he Indian Ocean; (21 q is the monthly i-th grid point; mean value of the cha racteristic at the 7) meridional cross-section along 20 E : the meridian crosses eastern Europe and central Africa, and the cross- section is characteristic of the area of cyclonic activity over Europe and the Mediterranean
16、 and of the sub- tropical jet stream over northern Africa; Oi is the standard deviation at the i-th grid point; n is the number of grid points within the region of averag- ing; for each latitude circle, n = 36. 8) meridional cross-section along 80 W : the meridian crosses the eastern regions of Nort
17、h America and the Caribbean Sea, and the profile illustrates the jet streams over the western Atlantic. For each isobaric surface the mean values of the zona1 and meridional components of the wind and the values of the scalar mean wind speed were calculated from equation (11, and the standard deviat
18、ions of the components from equation (2). Then each of the wind characteristics was plotted as a function of the geopotential altitude H, using the mean value of Hfor each isobaric surface. The values interpolated from these plots for the required values of H were used in constructing the tables. Th
19、e values of the quantities describing the wind fields, ob- tained for the altitude range 0 to 25 km from actual observa- tions and by estimation using the circular normal distribution, are presented for the above models for January and July. The following quantities were obtained from the actual obs
20、er- 3 Wind models vations : Taking into account the features of the atmospheric circulation over the northern hemisphere, namely the presence of long waves within certain latitude zones and the existence of jet streams in certain locations, the wind fields may be represented by the following models
21、: mean zona1 component of the wind, - VX, and mean - meridional component of the wind, VY; - - vector mean wind, vr, magnitude of the vector mean wind, vr, and direction of the vector mean wind, 8; the scalar mean wind speed, FS.; a) For latitude zones; in addition, within each latitude zone data de
22、rived from actual observations are given for two selected stations, one with very strong winds and the other with very light winds (tables 1, 2, 3; figures 1 to 4). standard deviation of the vector mean wind, a,; - maximum wind speed observed once in ten years, v,. - b) For meridional cross-sections
23、 (tables 4, 5; figures 5 to 8) supplement the models and illustrate the global circulation over the northern hemisphere. The speeds equalled or exceeded on 1, 10,20,80,90 and 99 % of occasions were calculated using the circular normal distribu- tion. The scalar mean wind speed, For four meridional s
24、ections based on actual observations the mean v,a- speed V, is given only - 4 Calculation of wind characteristics by use of the circular normal distribution 2) sub-tropical zone, 20 - 40 N (region of the strong westerly sub-tropical jet stream (at altitudes of 10 to 13 km); Wind is a vector. In a sa
25、mple of a large number of winds observed over a long period of time, each individual vector is a stochastic, or random, value, and for estimating wind distribu- tions, probability theory may be used. For the calculation of the 3) temperate zone, 40 - 60 N (zone of strong cyc- lonic activity and maxi
26、mum horizontal turbulent exchange); 4 characteristics, the circular normal distribution mav be used, the probability density, f(v), being given by the equation : . characteristics for latitude above 20 N, where v, does not exceed 6 % of VX, and the absolute value isAnot more than I 1 m/s, it is assu
27、med that vV = 0, SO that Fr = 1 yrl = 1 vXi. This f( ) 2v V =- e-(v2+ P)/C$ x 1 2 vv, - a2 0 r 1 1 . . 2 Or allows the basic parameters of the distribution for zones 20 - . (3) 4o”, 40 - 60 and 60 - 80 N to be determined by VX and or only. where : v is the wind speed; v, is the magnitude of the vect
28、or mean wind; The values of wind speed which are likely to be equalled or exceeded on 1, 10, 20, 80, 90 and 99 % of occasions may be estimated from equation (3). The expected scalar mean speed, VS, is given by equation (4) (mathematical expectation) : (5 is the standard deviation of the vector mean
29、wind; c CO v, = f(v) Vdv . . . (4) I,(x) ment. is the zero-order Bessel function of imaginary argu- The circular normal distribution law may be regarded as valid for the four latitude zones, since aX = a, = a,/ 1/z, taking into account that or = d= a, + a, with an accuracy acceptable for most practi
30、cal purposes. In addition, for calculating the mean The analysis of the scalar mean speed derived from observa- tions, and calculated from the circular normal distribution for each zone confirms that the circular normal distribution may be used to calculate the values of wind speed with an accuracy
31、suff icient for most practical purposes. 5 SO 58781982/Add.l-1983 (E) Table 1 - Parameters of the observed wind distribution in selected latitude zones, and calculated values of the scalar mean wind speed and of high and low percentile values of wind speed, in metres per second 0 - 20 N, January Geo
32、potential altitude H, km 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 r Actual observations r Based on circular normal law of distribution v, -2,9 -3,9 -2,7 -1,6 -0,7 02 12 23 4,8 68 83 10,5 11,5 11,2 9,7 8,O 61 4,6 33 v 67 -0,4 -1,3 -2,1 - 2,9 -3,5 y -1,6 -1,2 -0,7 -0,3 -0,2 -0,l -0,l
33、w 02 014 LO 22 23 Z8 2,3 L8 69 w 0,3 02 OJ 0, 0 -0,l -0,2 -0,2 -0,2 v, 55 3,O V 59 72 64 72 TO 7,7 A7 815 8,5 W 93 10,9 10,5 12,3 Il,6 l3,7 l2,7 15,4 13,7 l7,2 14,9 18,8 15,9 18,6 l5,7 16,9 14,5 15,l 13,4 13,6 12,4 12,l 11,5 10,8 10,8 917 10,l 8,7 w 64 914 f3,6 99 32 917 93 10,3 10,9 Il,4 V max - -
34、- 60 59 59 61 67 76 80 78 73 70 73 85 94 100 96 82 65 54 48 44 42 39 38 r 3J 60 62 6,3 AO v 815 9,7 Il,0 12,6 14,3 15,9 16,9 16,5 15,o l3,7 12,2 10,9 10,o 93 8,7 8,5 8,6 817 93 10,7 1% low - 1,o J#O LO J#O 1,o LO 13 L7 28 zo zo 2,O Jr7 19 12 18 18 LO LO LO J,O J,O J#O Jr0 1,o r high - l4,7 15,2 16,0
35、 17,0 18,5 20,7 23,5 26,5 30,3 34,5 32 40,5 402 37,7 34,0 29,8 25,6 23,2 zo 21,3 21,0 21,0 21,5 22,3 23,3 10 % low - 3,O 3,O 3,O 2,8 3,O 3,O 3,4 4,O 43 5,5 6,5 7,O 6,5 5,7 5,O 43 4,O 316 3,4 3,2 3,O 3,O 3,O 3,O 3,O high - ll,o lO,7 Il,0 Il,6 l2,7 14,3 16,4 18,8 21,7 25,0 27,5 29,5 28,7 26,0 23,5 21,
36、2 19,0 l7,4 16,2 15,4 15,o 15,2 15,6 16,3 17,0 r 20 % low - 3,O 3,O 310 3,3 3,5 4,3 5,O 62 74 8,5 94 93 914 8,3 73 615 59 5,5 52 5,O 5,O 5,O 5,O 5,O 5,O high - %O w3 98 %7 10,8 12,2 13,8 15,8 18,0 20,8 23,2 25,8 25,0 22,5 20,3 18,0 16,0 14,3 13,0 12,3 12,0 12,2 12,6 13,3 14,2 ISO 58781982/Add.l-1983
37、 (E) Table 1 - Parameters of the observed wind distribution in selected latitude zones, and calculated values of the scalar mean wind speed and of high and low percentile values of wind speed, in metres per second (conhued) 0 - ZOO N, July Geopotential altitude H, km 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
38、16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 r - 0,6 02 52 - 1,4 0,3 7,8 - 2,2 02 73 - 2,8 -0,l 8,O - 3,2 oro 73 - 3,6 w 7,8 - 3,9 02 73 - 4,l 02 8,O - 4,3 02 8,3 - 4,4 OJ 8,8 - 4,5 -0,l 10,2 - 4,8 -0,5 12,4 - 5,4 -0,8 13,6 - 6,5 -0,7 13,8 - 7,6 -0,3 l3,7 - 8,8 OfO 13,6 - 9,9 02 13,4 -10,8 0,3 13,2 -Il,6 0,3 14,0
39、-12,3 02 14,8 -13,l 02 l5,7 -14,l 02 l6,7 -15,2 Ot3 17,9 -16,5 03 19,2 -17,8 07 20,5 - 19,2 J,O 21,9 Actual observations Ka *r 3,4 70 74 76 76 7,4 7,4 7,6 79 8,4 94 12,4 14,0 14,3 14,0 13,5 12,8 11,9 10,8 10,o 9,6 w 93 10,5 Il,1 Il,9 V max - - - 60 61 61 60 58 58 59 61 65 69 73 76 79 80 78 70 61 53
40、51 51 63 70 77 r 3,O 6,4 633 7,2 714 7,3 T4 73 8,1 8,4 92 Il,8 13,4 14,2 l3,7 l5,O 15,5 16,3 15,4 14,2 l3,7 13,8 l4,7 16,0 17,4 l8,7 r Based on circular normal law of distribution 1 % low - w LO LO w Jr0 LO LO 1,o LO J,O 1,o 1,1 12 1,4 1,6 V3 zo 2,3 2,5 2,s 3J 3,5 3,8 4,O 4,5 high - 15,8 16,4 16,8 l
41、7,5 18,3 19,0 19,5 20,o 20,5 zo 26,8 31,2 ao 33,5 33,5 33,2 32,5 31,5 30,7 30,o 30,5 32,4 w7 37,3 4-02 r 10 % low - 2,3 2,5 3,O 3,O 310 310 3,O 3,O 3,O 32 3,4 4,7 5,4 5,7 60 610 62 6,5 70 7,5 82 83 93 10,o 10,7 high - 12,0 12,0 12,0 12,7 13,3 14,0 14,l 14,4 14,5 15,8 19,0 22,3 23,5 24,0 24,0 24,0 23
42、,8 23,4 23,0 278 23,5 25,0 27,0 29,0 31,5 r 20 % low - 0 4,O 4,O 410 0 4,O 410 42 43 5,2 610 6,7 7,4 7,8 8,O 82 82 8,5 %O 93 10,5 11,3 12,2 13,0 14,0 high - 10,o 10,o 10,o 10,2 10,5 11,O 11,2 Il,7 12,5 14,0 17,0 19,5 20,2 20,l 20,o 20,o 20,o 20,o 20,3 20,6 21,3 z7 24,3 27,3 28,3 7 Table 1 - Paramete
43、rs of the observed wind distribution in selected latitude zones, and calculated values of the scalar mean wind speed and of high and low percentile values of wind sped, in metres per second (contiwed) Geopotential altitude H, km 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 20 - 40 N,
44、January r K J,O 1,8 4,7 8,O 10,5 13,2 16,0 18,8 21,5 24,3 26,8 28,7 29,7 28,5 26,5 24,3 21,8 18,l 14,2 10,4 70 5,3 43 3,5 23 2,3 Actual observations Ka 5 6,4 5,5 8,5 99 10,o 10,4 11,8 11,5 14,2 13,l l7,O 15,0 20,6 17,0 24,2 19,2 27,0 21,3 29,5 22,7 31,6 23,4 332 23,4 WO Z8 W) 21,5 31,l 19,9 28,4 l7,
45、8 25,0 l5,7 21,0 14,0 17,2 12,8 13,6 Il,6 Il,1 10,9 10,o 10,6 9,6 10,8 93 Il,1 916 Il,6 W 12,4 - r vmax - - - 70 72 76 84 102 124 140 142 132 124 118 112 107 102 96 88 80 73 68 65 62 60 60 Based on circular normal law of distribution 5J 8,5 10,3 12,6 15,8 l7,3 21,8 24,7 28,l 31,6 W6 35,6 36,l 32,9 2
46、9,6 26,6 24,7 21,4 18,0 l4,7 Il,9 10,8 10,6 10,5 10,8 11,3 r 1% low - 1,o LO 1,o 113 V 22 Z8 3,7 4,4 4,7 5,O 5,O 419 4,7 4,5 410 3,5 2,5 L8 13 1,o LO 1,o 1,o 1,4 high - 20,o 24,4 29,2 WO 39,5 46,0 53,5 62,5 70,o 72,5 72,2 70,o WO 58,5 ao 48,3 43,2 38,5 33,8 29,4 26,2 25,4 25,0 25,0 25,0 r 10 % low -
47、 2,5 3,5 4,5 60 7,O 8,5 10,2 12,2 13,8 15,0 l5,7 16,0 15,5 l4,7 13,4 11,5 93 73 5,6 4,5 4,O 33 33 4J 4,5 high - low high - - 15,0 4,5 117 l7,5 5,5 14,5 20,8 67 17,5 24,5 RI 21,0 28,8 93 25,0 a7 12,0 29,5 39,5 l4,7 35,0 47,0 l7,5 41,0 53,8 19,7 45,5 55,7 21,0 ao 55,5 21,7 ao wo ZO 47,0 51,3 21,2 Qv 47,7 20,o 41,6 43,5 18,2 38,0 38,7 l5,7 33,5 33,5 12,8 29,0 28,0 10,2 24,5 23,5 8,O 20,6 20,3 62 l7,3 18,6 5,4 l5,7 18,2 5,4 15,2 18,0 5,6 15,0 18,0 61 15,0 18,3 6,7 15,0 r 20 %
