1、 ISO 2013 Bases for design of structures Names and symbols of physical quantities and generic quantities Bases du calcul des constructions Noms et symboles des grandeurs physiques et grandeurs gnriques INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3898 Fourth edition 2013-03-01 Reference number ISO 3898:2013(E) ISO 38
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4、ww.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 3898:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv 0 Introduction .v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Names and symbols for physical quantities and units 1 3.1 General rules and method for forming and writing names and symbols . 1 3.
5、2 Rules and method for forming and writing names and symbols of physical quantities . 1 3.3 Rules for forming and writing names and symbols of units 4 3.4 Additional rules for forming of symbols . 5 3.5 Tables 6 Annex A (normative) Definition and scope of generic quantities .29 Bibliography .41 ISO
6、3898:2013(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject
7、for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) o
8、n all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees
9、are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held
10、 responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 3898 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 98, Bases for design of structures, Subcommittee SC 1, Terminology and symbols. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition ( ISO 3898:1997), which has been technically revi
11、sed. The main reasons for this fourth edition of ISO 3898 are application of new techniques and methods in the analysis and design of structures, e.g. probabilistic and partial factor methods, introduction of codes for new design situations, and more advanced materials have increased the need for a
12、more fundamental set of rules for the formation and presentation of symbols, and revisions of the ISO Guide 31 series for the International System of Units (S.I.). The major technical changes from the previous edition are the following: the normative references have been updated; particularly with r
13、egard to the ISO 80000 series; the so-called kernel-index-method for forming and writing names and new (compound) symbols is presented; the presentation of the (tables of) indices has been altered in accordance herewith; the concept of generic quantities is introduced (Annex A).iv ISO 2013 All right
14、s reserved ISO 3898:2013(E) 0 Introduction 0.1 The concept of a physical quantity The concept of a physical quantity is, according to ISO/IEC Guide 99, defined by the following descriptive statement: an attribute of a phenomenon, body or substance that can be distinguished qualitatively and determin
15、ed quantitatively. The concept physical quantity is designated by a name = a verbal designation of an individual concept (see 3.4.2 of ISO 1087-1:2000) and a corresponding symbol. A physical quantity is characterized by its unique dimension. The dimension of a physical quantity is expressed in units
16、 (of measurement). NOTE 1 According to the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 for drafting International Standards, SI units are applied. NOTE 2 Physical quantities can be dimensionless, e.g. often the case with factors. In that case their dimension is noted as 1. The names and symbols of the most important
17、 physical quantities (according ISO/IEC Guide 99: physical quantities in a general sense) - and their characterizing units - within the field of physical sciences and technology are given in ISO 80000-1. However, this is a limited set of names and symbols. 0.2 General method for forming and writing
18、names and symbols of physical quantities The names and symbols of the most important physical quantities (and their units) within the field of the design of structures are given in this document: see the Tables 2 to 4 of this International Standard (but necessarily there will/must be some overlap wi
19、th ISO 80000-1). This set of names and symbols is also limited, but with the help of the method given in this International Standard (kernel-index-method) t he u ser w i l l be able t o form/compose new a nd u n ique (compou nd) s y mbol s for a wide variety of physical quantities (according ISO/IEC
20、 Guide 99: particular physical quantities). Adapted reading of the compound symbols moreover enables the user to designate and particularize the corresponding unique names of the physical quantities (see examples in 3.2.2.5 and 3.2.2.8). The method itself is presented/worked-out in 3.1 of this Inter
21、national Standard, the kernel of a compound symbol is given in or has to be chosen from the above mentioned Tables 2 to 4 and the indices forming that unique (compound) symbol (mostly subscripts) are given in or have to be chosen from Tables 5 to 10. ISO 2013 All rights reserved v Bases for design o
22、f structures Names and symbols of physical quantities and generic quantities 1 Scope This International Standard covers physical quantities in a general sense. The kernel-index-method enables to form (compound) symbols of physical quantities related to a particular material and/or a particular techn
23、ical field of design of structures. It also g ives t he main names, sy mbols, and unit s for physical quant it ies w it hin t he f ield of desig n of st r uc t ures. Annex A in a general sense covers generic quantities which are genuine to this field. The kernel-index- method can likewise be applied
24、. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any ame
25、ndments) applies. ISO 80000-1, Quantities and units Part 1: General ISO 80000-2, Quantities and units Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology ISO 80000-3, Quantities and units Part 3: Space and time ISO 80000-4, Quantities and units Part 4: Mechanics
26、3 Names and symbols for physical quantities and units 3.1 General rules and method for forming and writing names and symbols The kernel of a (compound) symbol can be chosen from Tables 2, 3 and 4 and indices (mostly subscripts) forming that unique (compound) symbol can be chosen from Tables 5 to 10.
27、 NOTE 1 The rules are mainly adopted from the ISO 80000 series. In 3.2 the kernel-index-method (KIM) has been formulated for the first time in an ISO International Standard. The method stems from the mathematical disciplines: Riemannian geometry and Affinor/Tensor analysis (Second half of nineteenth
28、 century). NOTE 2 ISO 10241 can be used as a basis for formulating the correct name and definition of terms and quantities. 3.2 Rules and method for forming and writing names and symbols of physical quantities 3.2.1 Names The name (in general) of a general physical quantity is (mostly) one term, bei
29、ng a noun, written in Latin lower case letter symbols in Roman (upright) type. For several systems of physical quantities the names (and the symbols) of some physical quantities in a general sense are given in the ISO 80000 series. For the design of structures the system of physical quantities in a
30、general sense is given in the Tables 2, 3 and 4 of this International Standard. INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 3898:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1 ISO 3898:2013(E) In case of the name of a new or a particular physical quantity a new name/term can be chosen/composed, for instance, by combining t
31、he name of an already existing physical quantity with all kinds of other terms. For some terms like: coefficient, factor, parameter, number, ratio, level and constant, some guidance for applying them is given in ISO 80000-1. EXAMPLE 1 One term of a physical quantity: area, thickness, force, strength
32、, factor, etc. EXAMPLE 2 A combination of (one of the above mentioned terms with other) terms: maximum area, nominal thickness of a flange, design value of a force, admissible (value of the) strength of timber in direction x, friction factor, etc. 3.2.2 Symbols The following applies to the forming a
33、nd notation of symbols: 3.2.2.1 The symbol of a physical quantity is a one-letter symbol, the kernel, written in italic type. NOTE There is one exception: a characteristic number has two letter symbols, see ISO 80000-11. 3.2.2.2 A letter symbol for a kernel can be a lower case or an upper case lette
34、r symbol of the Latin or the Greek alphabet (see Tables 2, 3 and 4). In most cases the choice for a kernel of a physical quantity shall be based on considerations of dimension or the main usage, as given in Table 1 of this International Standard. A dimension or a main usage of a physical quantity no
35、t included in Table 1 shall comply the nearest appropriate category listed. 3.2.2.3 The kernel may be modified by applying one or more subscripts/indices (and sometimes superscripts), a so-called: compound symbol. 3.2.2.4 Subscripts/indices may be formed from letter symbols, digits and graphical sym
36、bols: they are written in Roman (upright) type. If the kernel of a physical quantity is used as a subscript/index it is written in italic type. Several kinds of subscripts/indices are given in the Tables 5 to 10. 3.2.2.5 A subscript/index is placed at the bottom right position of the kernel. By appl
37、ying more than one subscript/index (sometimes superscript) the distinct indices should preferably be separated by a semi-colon (;). In the case of simple and clear, distinctive index symbols also a space or comma (,) is allowed. For simply two or three of these index symbols no separation at all may
38、 be appropriate. NOTE Other positions, e.g. at the upper right, are possible too. However, in general these positions are reserved for other applications.2 ISO 2013 All rights reserved ISO 3898:2013(E) EXAMPLES F ext external force; K nom nominal (value of) external couple; N x , V y , V z normal an
39、d shear forces in a cross-section of a beam; M y , M z , T x bending and torsional moments in a cross-section of a beam; m xx , m yy , m xy internal bending and torsional moments per length in a plate or shell; w ser serviceability limit (state) of deflection; f u ultimate limit (state) of strength;
40、 x , 1/2 z , y two-dimensional normal and shear strains in general; R partial factor for the transfer of material properties, geometry of structure and actions into resistance of structure; S partial factor for the transfer of actions, geometry of structure and material prop- erties into response of
41、 structure; v sat humidity per volume at saturation. 3.2.2.6 By applying more than one subscript/index, the order of the subscripts/indices is from right to left as follows (if necessary/relevant the same rules can be applied for superscripts): General format (K: kernel of a physical quantity, vi to
42、 i: indices): K vi;v;iv;iii;ii;iindex i): subscripts/indices related to probabilistic and partial factor methods of analysis and design; EXAMPLES rep(resentative), nom(inal), k (characteristic), d(esign), etc.; index ii): subscripts/indices related to types of limit state; EXAMPLES u(ltimate), ser(v
43、iceability), fat(igue), fi(re), etc.; index iii): subscripts/indices related to various aspects; EXAMPLES g(uaranteed), max(imum), obs(erved), i, j (ordinal numbers), etc.; index iv): subscripts/indices related to the Basic variables and the Performance functionals. The preferred order is: first the
44、 indices S, s and R, r, then the other indices iv). EXAMPLES Basic variables: F: f (Action in general, Loadcase), a(ccidental), g (permanent), sn(ow),etc.; GE: ge (Geometry of structure in general); M: m (Material property in general), el(asticity), cr(eepiness), etc.; ISO 2013 All rights reserved 3
45、 ISO 3898:2013(E) Performance functionals: S: s (Response of structure, Sequel or Effect of action(s), Action-effect), dyn(amical), sli(ding), etc.; NOTE Sometimes deviating from S, the symbol E is used, e.g. in a number of Eurocodes, and erroneously in ISO 22111:2007. R: r (Resistance of structure,
46、 Capacity), frac(tional), fat(igue), etc. index v): subscripts/indices related to (1) place, then to (2) direction; EXAMPLES 1 (joint, knot, point, foundation) A, B, C, ., a, b, c, ., 1, 2, 3, ., etc.; EXAMPLES 2 x, y, z, / /, etc. index vi): subscripts/indices related to types of material; EXAMPLES
47、 c(oncrete), ma(sonry), etc. 3.2.2.7 If, by applying the subscripts/indices i to vi (or superscripts), the dimension of the original physical quantity does not change, so = , such subscripts/indices are called descriptive subscripts/indices (or superscripts). 3.2.2.8 A (compound) symbol is written w
48、ithout a final full stop (except for normal punctuation). EXAMPLES physical quantities with names with one term symbol area A thickness t force F strength f factor physical quantities with names as a combination of terms symbol maximum area A max nominal thickness of a flange t fl;nom design (value
49、of a) force F d admissible (value of the) strength of wood in direction x f ti;xx;adm friction factor fric NOTE For the equivalent rules in the case of generic quantities reference here is made to A.4.3. 3.3 Rules for forming and writing names and symbols of units NOTE This International Standard adopts (the rules of) the International System of units (SI).4 ISO 2013 All rights reserved ISO 3898:2013(E) 3.3.1 Names All names are given in ISO 80000-1. The names are written in Latin lower
