1、 Reference number ISO 29783-1:2008(E) ISO 2008INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 29783-1 First edition 2008-12-01 Prosthetics and orthotics Vocabulary Part 1: Normal gait Prothses et orthses Vocabulaire Partie 1: Dmarche normale ISO 29783-1:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces
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6、yright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedISO 29783-1:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardi
7、zation) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to b
8、e represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standa
9、rds are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Inter
10、national Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 29783-1
11、 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 168, Prosthetics and orthotics. ISO 29783 consists of the following parts, under the general title Prosthetics and orthotics Vocabulary: Part 1: Normal gait Part 2: Prosthetic gait Part 3: Pathological gait INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 29783-1:2008(E) ISO 20
12、08 All rights reserved 1 Prosthetics and orthotics Vocabulary Part 1: Normal gait 1 Scope This part of ISO 29783 establishes a vocabulary for the description of normal gait. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 body load loading fo
13、rce exerted by the foot upon the ground at any time during the stance phase due to gravity and the forward, sideways and vertical accelerations of the body mass 2.2 cadence number of steps taken per unit of time in steps per second 2.3 double support those two parts of the gait cycle when both limbs
14、 are in contact with the ground NOTE The first of these (approximately 0 % to 10 % of the gait cycle) commences after initial ground contact (and ends as the contralateral limb commences initial swing) the second (approximately 50 % to 60 % of the gait cycle) commences at the beginning of pre-swing
15、(and ends as the limb commences initial swing). 2.4 gait cycle the sequence of actions of a lower limb usually taken from initial contact of the foot until the next initial contact of the same foot when walking or running 2.5 ground reaction force reaction by the ground to the force exerted by the f
16、oot at any time during the stance phase 2.6 pelvic obliquity alignment of the pelvis (moves upwards or downwards) in the coronal plane 2.7 pelvic rotation alignment of the pelvis (moves forwards or backwards) in the transverse plane ISO 29783-1:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved2.8 pelvic tilt a
17、lignment of the pelvis (anterior or posterior movement) in the sagittal plane 2.9 single support that part of the gait cycle when only the limb under consideration is in contact with the ground 2.10 stance phase that part of the gait cycle during which the limb is in contact with the ground NOTE The
18、 stance phase is further described by reference to five sub-phases (see 2.10.1 to 2.10.5). 2.10.1 initial contact sub-phase of the stance phase which commences at the instant of initial foot contact and ends when knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion commence 2.10.2 loading response sub-phase of the
19、 stance phase which commences after initial contact and continues until full foot contact occurs 2.10.3 mid-stance sub-phase of the stance phase which commences when the contralateral limb commences its swing phase and ends when the heel leaves the ground 2.10.4 terminal stance sub-phase of the stan
20、ce phase which commences when the heel leaves the ground and ends at initial contact of the contralateral limb 2.10.5 pre-swing final sub-phase of the stance phase which commences with initial contact by the contralateral foot and ends when the foot loses contact with the ground 2.11 step length dis
21、tance (measured in the line of progression) between the point of initial contact of a foot and the point of initial contact of the opposite foot in successive steps in metres 2.12 stride length distance between the point of initial contact of the same foot in successive gait cycles in metres 2.13 sw
22、ing phase that part of the gait cycle during which the limb is not in contact with the ground NOTE The swing phase is further described by reference to three sub-phases (see 2.13.1 to 2.13.3). 2.13.1 initial swing sub-phase of the swing phase which commences as the foot loses contact with the ground
23、 and ends when the limb achieves maximum knee flexion ISO 29783-1:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 3 2.13.2 mid-swing sub-phase of the swing phase which commences when the knee joint starts to extend and ends when the hip joint reaches maximum flexion 2.13.3 terminal swing sub-phase of the swing
24、 phase which commences when the hip joint reaches maximum flexion and ends when initial foot contact occurs 2.14 the (three) foot rockers method of describing the action of the ankle and foot during the stance phase 2.14.1 first rocker from 0 % to 10 % of the gait cycle approximately commences at in
25、itial foot contact and extends through the loading response sub-phase of the gait cycle NOTE 1 Its purpose is shock absorption. NOTE 2 During first rocker, the ankle plantar flexes under the eccentric control of the pre-tibial muscles with the heel acting as the fulcrum. 2.14.2 second rocker from 10
26、 % to 30 % of the gait cycle approximately coincides with the mid-stance sub-phase of the gait cycle NOTE 1 Its purpose is to control the position of the ground reaction force relative to the limb joints above. NOTE 2 During second rocker, the tibia moves forward, with the centre of the ankle joint
27、acting as the fulcrum, under the eccentric control of the ankle plantar flexor muscles. 2.14.3 third rocker 30 % to 60 % of the gait cycle approximately commences when the heel leaves the ground and continues until ground contact is lost NOTE 1 Its purpose is to accelerate the limb in preparation fo
28、r the swing phase of the gait cycle. NOTE 2 During the third rocker, the foot pivots over the fulcrum provided by the metatarsal heads as a consequence of the concentric contraction of the ankle plantar flexor muscles. 2.15 walking base step width distance between the centres of the heels of each fo
29、ot measured perpendicular to the line of progression in metres 2.16 walking speed average rate of linear motion of the body in the line of progression in metres per second 3 Description of the sub-phases of the gait cycle 3.1 General The motions of the pelvis and lower limb segments during each of t
30、he sub-phases of the gait cycle are described in 3.2 to 3.9 using the terminology specified in Reference 1, unless otherwise specified in Clause 2. ISO 29783-1:2008(E) 4 ISO 2008 All rights reservedNOTE 1 The dominant pattern of motion is in the sagittal plane. However, important motion also occurs
31、in the coronal and transverse planes. NOTE 2 The time at which the sub-phases occur is expressed as a percentage of the gait cycle duration following the initial foot contact. NOTE 3 All joint and body segment angles and all sub-phase durations are approximate. NOTE 4 The pelvic position and motions
32、 described refer to the ipsilateral side. NOTE 5 The terms “maximum” and “minimum” refer to the joint positions achieved during the gait cycle, and not the possible range of joint motion. 3.2 Initial contact at 0 % up to 2 % of the gait cycle a) Sagittal plane: during this sub-phase, the pelvis is t
33、ilted anteriorly by 5, the hip joint is flexed by 25 to 30, the knee joint is flexed by 0 to 5 and the ankle joint is in a near neutral attitude. b) Coronal plane: the pelvis and hip joint are held in neutral alignment; the subtalar joint pronates to a neutral alignment. c) Transverse plane: the pel
34、vis is rotated forward to a maximum of 10 and the hip joint is externally rotated 10. 3.3 Loading response at 2 % up to 10 % of the gait cycle a) Sagittal plane: during this sub-phase, knee flexion increases to 15 and ankle plantar flexes to 10 to 15 with the heel acting as the fulcrum until full fo
35、ot contact occurs. NOTE This action of the ankle is termed first rocker. b) Coronal plane: the pelvis tilts obliquely upwards by 5 (as a consequence of the drop on the contralateral side) and the hip joint adducts; knee joint abduction increases minimally and the subtalar joint pronates 5. c) Transv
36、erse plane: the pelvis starts to rotate backwards and simultaneously the hip joint rotates internally. 3.4 Mid-stance at 10 % up to 30 % of the gait cycle a) Sagittal plane: during this sub-phase, the pelvis returns to a neutral alignment, the hip and knee joints extend to neutral, and the ankle joi
37、nt dorsiflexes over a stationary flat foot to a position of 10 dorsiflexion. NOTE This action of the ankle joint is termed second rocker. b) Coronal plane: the pelvis returns to horizontal, the hip joint abducts and the subtalar joint further pronates. ISO 29783-1:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserve
38、d 5 c) Transverse plane: the pelvis continues to rotate backwards to a neutral alignment and the hip joint to rotate internally to neutral. 3.5 Terminal stance at 30 % up to 50 % of the gait cycle a) Sagittal plane: by the end of this sub-phase, the pelvis is once again tilted anteriorly by 5, the h
39、ip joint is extended to its maximum of 10 to 15, the knee joint is fully extended and the ankle joint has plantar flexed to a neutral position. b) Coronal plane: the subtalar joint returns to neutral. c) Transverse plane: the pelvis rotates backwards by 10 and the hip joint internally by 5 to 10. 3.
40、6 Pre-swing at 50 % up to 60 % of the gait cycle a) Sagittal plane: during this sub-phase, the hip joint moves from maximum extension to neutral, the knee joint flexes to a position of 30 to 35 and the ankle joint plantar flexes at a position of 20 of the plantar flexion. NOTE The pivoting action of
41、 the foot at the metatarsal heads, which occurs through terminal stance and pre-swing, is termed third rocker. b) Coronal plane: the pelvis tilts obliquely downwards by 5, the hip joint abducts and the subtalar joint reaches its maximum position of supination. c) Transverse plane: the pelvis commenc
42、es forward rotation with corresponding external rotation at the hip joint. 3.7 Initial swing at 60 % up to 70 % of the gait cycle a) Sagittal plane: during this sub-phase, the thigh advances to a position of 20 of hip joint flexion; knee joint flexion reaches 60 and the ankle joint dorsi-flexes to a
43、 position of 10 of the plantar flexion. b) Coronal plane: the pelvis starts to tilt upwards and the hip joint to adduct while the subtalar joint pronates to a position of slight supination. c) Transverse plane: the pelvis continues to rotate forward and the hip joint to rotate externally. ISO 29783-
44、1:2008(E) 6 ISO 2008 All rights reserved3.8 Mid-swing at 70 % up to 85 % of the gait cycle a) Sagittal plane: during this sub-phase, the anterior pelvic tilt returns to neutral, hip joint flexion increases to 30 while the knee joint extends to a position of 30 flexion to achieve a vertical alignment
45、 of the lower leg; the ankle joint dorsi-flexes to neutral. b) Coronal plane: the pelvis, hip joint and subtalar joint all achieve neutral alignment. c) Transverse plane: the pelvis rotates forwards and the hip joint externally, through neutral alignment. 3.9 Terminal swing at 85 % up to 100 % of th
46、e gait cycle a) Sagittal plane: during this final sub-phase of the gait cycle, hip joint flexion is restrained while full knee joint extension occurs. b) Coronal plane: the pelvis and hip joint remain in neutral alignment and the subtalar joint moves into slight supination. c) Transverse plane: the
47、pelvis continues to rotate forwards and the hip joint externally to a maximum of 10. ISO 29783-1:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 7 Bibliography 1 GREENE, W.B. and HECKMANN, J. D. (eds), The Clinical Measurement of Joint Motion, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1994 ISO 29783-1:2008(E) ICS 01.040.11; 11.040.40 Price based on 7 pages ISO 2008 All rights reserved
