1、A Referencenumbe r ISO28221:1998 (E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28221 Firstedition 19981101 Rawcattlehidesandcalfskins Part1: Descriptionsofdefects Peauxbrutesdebovids Partie1:DescriptionsdesdfautsISO28221:1998(E) ISO1998 Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,nopartofthispublicationmaybereprodu
2、ced orutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopyingand microfilm,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. InternationalOrganizationforStandardization Casepostale56 CH1211Genve20 Switzerland Internet isoiso.ch PrintedinSwitzerland ii Foreword ISO(theInternationalOrgani
3、zationforStandardization)isaworldwide federationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISOmemberbodies).Theworkof preparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughISO technicalcommittees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhich atechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhastherighttoberepresented onthatcomm
4、ittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnon governmental,inliaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISO collaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization. DraftInternationalStandardsadoptedbythetechnicalcommitteesare circulatedto
5、thememberbodiesforvoting.PublicationasanInternational Standardrequiresapprovalbyatleast75%ofthememberbodiescasting avote. InternationalStandardISO28221waspreparedbyTechnicalCommittee ISO/TC120, Leather,SubcommitteeSC1, Rawhidesandskins,including pickledpelts . ISO2822consistsofthefollowingparts,unde
6、rthegeneraltitle Rawcattle hidesandcalfskins : Part1:Descriptionsofdefects Part2:Guidelinesforgradingonthebasisofmassandsize Part3:GuidelinesforgradingonthebasisofdefectsINTERNATIONALSTANDARD ISO ISO28221:1998(E) 1 Rawcattlehidesandcalfskins Part1: Descriptionsofdefects 1Scope ThispartofISO2822descr
7、ibesthedefectswhichmayoccuronrawcattlehidesandcalfskinsintendedfor tanning. Itisapplicabletofreshandcuredrawcattlehidesandcalfskins,butnottocasualtyhidesandskins. 2Normative reference Thefollowingstandardcontainsprovisionswhich,throughreferenceinthistext,constituteprovisionsofthispartof ISO2822.Atth
8、etimeofpublication,theeditionindicatedwasvalid.Allstandardsaresubjecttorevision,and partiestoagreementsbasedonthispartofISO2822areencouragedtoinvestigatethepossibilityofapplyingthe mostrecenteditionofthestandardindicatedbelow.MembersofIECandISOmaintainregistersofcurrentlyvalid InternationalStandards
9、. ISO2820:1974, LeatherRawhidesofcattleandhorsesMethodsoftrim . 3 Termsrelatingtodefectsinrawcattlehidesandcalfskins ThedefectsonrawcattlehidesandskinsreferredtointhispartofISO2822aredividedintothreecategories: a)antemortem defects; b) postmortemdefects;and c)preserving defects. 3.1 Causesandtypesof
10、antemortemdefects 3.1.1Abscess Cutaneousabscesses,formedbythepyogenicorganismsofdifferentgeneraaffectingeitherthegrainorfleshside oftheskinsorevenhydrolysingskinproteinsleadingtoperforations. 3.1.2 Blindwarblehole Defectformedbythewarblelarva( Hypodermabovis , Hypodermalineatum )intheskinoftheliving
11、animal,butwith noactualperforation.ISO28221:1998(E) ISO 2 3.1.3Brand mark Manmademarkoncattlehidesandskins,generallyusedforidentificationandmadewitheitherahotorcoolediron orchemicalproducts. 3.1.4 Demodexbovis Boththegrainandfleshsidesofcattlehidesaregreatlyaffectedby Demodecticmange(follicularmange
12、)mites. Thesemitesmayappearinthefollowingforms: a)nodular; b)squamous; and c)acute. Themiteoccurringincattleisknownas Demodexbovis . Raisednodulesofvaryingsize(severalmmtomorethan5cm)arevisibleonthefleshsideofcattlehidesand skins.Thesmallnodulesarenotalteredbybeamhouseoperationsandappearontannedhide
13、sashardeningofthe tissues.Iftheymeasuremorethan1cm,theycanformapitbysplittingthegrain,orevenmakeahole. 3.1.5Dung damage Dungcausesdamagetothehideandskinbyprovokinganirritationresultingincoarseningofthegrain.Dungalso causesstainingonhides. 3.1.6Eczema Eczema,causedeitherbyfungalinfectionorallergicres
14、ponsetoinsects,chemicals,stressetc.,isconfinedtoface, lips,earsandvulvaareasbutdoesnotmateriallydegradeskinquality. 3.1.7Fat wrinkles Alsoknownasgrainwrinklesorneckwrinkles,fatwrinklesareassociatedwiththetwitchmuscles.Thesemuscles arestriated,sheathedvoluntarymusclesthatcausetemporaryfoldsinthegrain
15、.Removalofthesemusclesallows theaccentuatedgrainwrinklesintheskintospreadout. 3.1.8Goad mark Theuseofgoadingsticksoncattlecanaffectthequalityoftheirhides.Patchescontainingprickholesarefoundon manyhidesonthebuttocks.Somegoadmarksareconsiderablylargerthanaprickhole. 3.1.9Horn mark Damagetothegraincaus
16、edbyanimalhorns. 3.1.10Hump Owingtothehumppresentinthehidesofcertainbreedsofcattle( Bosindicus ),thequalityofthehidepatterninthis areaispoorandmakesitssubsequentprocessingdifficult. 3.1.11Hump sore Thediseaseincattlecausedbynematode Stephanofilariaassamensisresultsintheformationofscabandcrusts, loos
17、eningofthehairandthickeningofthehide.Thelesionspreadsinthehumpregion. 3.1.12Lice Owingtotheirritationcausedbybitingorsuckingtypesoflice,theanimalsscratchtheaffectedpartsofthebody, leadingtowoundsandbruises.Lousespeciesbelongingtothegenus Linognathusarecommontocattle,but speciesofothergeneraarealsofo
18、undtocausethesedefects.ISO ISO28221:1998(E) 3 3.1.13Pox mark Hard,circular,lesionbaseddefectsleavingscarmarksonthegrainandattimesevenfoundpenetratingthefull thicknessofthehides. 3.1.14Ringworm Diseasecausedbyfungalspeciesoftwogenera Microsporumand Trichophytonincattle.Thelesionsappearas raised,round
19、,crustypatcheshavingadiameterof2,5cm(1in). 3.1.15Summer sore Defectcausedbynematode Parafilariabovicola.Nodulesmaybeformedonbothsidesoftheneck,withers,etc. Bleedingtakesplacefromtheaffectedareas.Thisdiseaseappearsduringsummermonthsanddisappearsinthe coldweather.Summersoreisalsoknownassummerbleeding.
20、 3.1.16Tick mark Ticksaffecthideandskinqualitytoaconsiderableextent.Ticksresponsiblefortickdamagebelongtovarious generasuchasIxodus,Haemophysalis,Dermacentor,Hyalomma,BoophilusandRhipicephalus,Mostcommon damagetocattlehidesiscausedbyticksbelongingtothegenera Hyalommaand Boophilus.Theyleavescarmarks
21、oropendamageonthegrainsideofthehideandskin. 3.1.17Urine damage Urinecausesdamagetothehideandskinbyprovokinganirritationresultingincoarseningofthegrain.Urinealso causesachangeincolorationofthehairinhidesandskin. 3.1.18Warble hole Holecausedbythewarblelarva( Hypodermabovis , Hypodermalineatum )inthesk
22、inofthelivinganimal.Thescar formedastheresultofawarbleholehavinghealedisknownasahealedwarblehole. 3.1.19White spots Oftenfinishedleathersaredegradedinqualitybyadefectreferredtointhetradeaswhitespots.Dyedandfinished leathersexhibitsmallwhitishspotslighterinshadecomparedtotherestoftheleather.Investiga
23、tionsonthisdefect haverevealedthatcertainparasiticdiseasesliketicks, Demodecticmange ,etcareresponsibleforthisdefect.The lesionaffectedareasofhideandskincanundergocertainstructuralchangesthatcanaffecttheircapacityofdye retention.Thefinewhitespotorwhitebloomonthehidesurfacecanalsobeformedduetothebrea
24、kdownoffatsto fattyacidsbyattackfromcertainmouldspecies.Thismayresultinunevendyinginthesubsequentprocessing. 3.1.20Wrinkle mark Shrunken,shrivelledorwrinkledgrainsurfaceofleather,commonlyknownasdrawngrain.Wrinklemarksarealso growthmarkscausedbyoldageorundernourishmentoftheanimalandadverselyaffectthe
25、grainsurfaceof leather.Grainleatherthatformscoarsewrinkleswhenbentwiththegraininwardareknownasflankygrainorloose break. 3.1.21Yoke mark Patchofhardenedskinontheshouldercausedbythepressureandrubbingofthehideagainsttheyoke. 3.2 Causesandtypesofpostmortemdefects 3.2.1 Badlybledskin Inadequatebleedingof
26、theanimalatthetimeofslaughterresultsincoagulatedbloodremaininginbloodvessels, visibleonthefleshsideoftheskin.Thisdefectparticularlyconcernscalfskins. 3.2.2 Badlyshapedhead Irregulartrimmingofthehideatthehead(seeISO2820).ISO28221:1998(E) ISO 4 3.2.3 Badlyshapedshanks Shankscutoffalongalinewhichisnotp
27、erpendiculartoitslongitudinalaxis. 3.2.4Chattering Seriesofshallowandparallelstreakscausedbyafleshingmachine. 3.2.5Cut throat Hideandskinoriginatingfromananimalwhichhasbeenbledbymeansofalargetransversalslitacrossthethroat (ritualslaughter). 3.2.6 Flaycut(scarmark) Cutproducedonthehideorskinbyaknifeo
28、raflayingappliance,cuttingintodermisorskinsubstancewithout therebeinganyactualperforation. 3.2.7Gouge Thinningofthehideorskincausedbyaknife,aflayingapplianceorafleshingmachinewithouttherebeingany actualperforation. 3.2.8 Grainbreak(grainburst) Tearsmadeonthegrainsideofthehideorskinduringflayingandma
29、chinefleshing. 3.2.9Hole Completeperforationofthehide,orskin,causedbyeitheraknife,aflayingapplianceorafleshingmachine. 3.2.10 Poorpattern(deformation) Irregularshapeofhideorskin(seeISO2820). 3.2.11 Sidingorcorduroying Poorflayingofthehideorskin,shownasaseriesofshallowandgenerallyparallelstreaks. 3.3
30、 Causesandtypesofpreservationdefects 3.3.1 Defectvisibleonthegrainsideofthesaltedhideorskin 3.3.1.1 Heating(hairslip) Putrefactionofpartofthehideorskinrevealedbyaprematurelooseningofthehair. 3.3.2 Defectsvisibleonthefleshsideofthesaltedhideorskin 3.3.2.1ByDermestes Damagecausedbythe Dermestes beetle
31、andlarvaeonthefleshsideand/orgrainsideofthehideduringstorage. 3.3.2.2 Defectscausedbymetallicsalts Spotsanddamagecausedbythedepositofmetallichydrates,particularlyironhydrates. 3.3.2.3 Discoloration(redheat) Discolouredareasvaryingfrompinktobrickred,duetobacteriologicaleffectsandgenerallyindicatinga
32、deteriorationofthehideorskin.ISO ISO28221:1998(E) 5 3.3.2.4 Purplediscoloration(purplespots) Discolouredareasrangingfrompurpletoverydeepblueorvioletorevenblackresultingfromadeteriorationof subcutaneousanddermaltissues. 3.3.2.5Salt spots Asmallareaofsaltedstain,whiteorlightbrownincolour. 3.3.2.6Short
33、 salting Surfacesshowingtheaspectoffreshhideorskinandcausedfrominadequatesalting. 3.3.3Rancidity Hidesandskinscontainingfatshavingundergoneoxidationandhydrolysisasaconsequenceoflengthystorage periodsorinappropriatestorageconditions. 3.3.4Run flesh Smalldepressionsandchannelsvisibleonthefleshsidewher
34、etissueshavedecomposedduetoputrefactioninthe rawhideorskin. 3.3.5Sun blisters Flintdriedhidesmayproducesunblistersduetorapiddryingofthesurfacescausingholesorhideseparation whichbecomeapparentafterliming. 3.3.6Veininess Appearanceofprominentbloodvesselsorveinlikeprotuberancesoccurringonthegrainsurfac
35、eoffinishedleather isknownasveinygrainleather.Therealcauseofveininessisnotknown.However,itisgenerallyrecognisedthat improperbleedingoftheanimal,delayincuring,inadequatecuring,undersoaking,etc.mightberesponsiblefor veininess.ISO28221:1998(E) ISO ICS01.040.59;59.140.20 Descriptors: hides,bovines,bovinehides,rawmaterials,defects,vocabulary. Pricebasedon5pages
