1、 Reference number ISO 18903:2002(E) ISO 2002INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18903 First edition 2002-07-01 Imaging materials Films and paper Determination of dimensional change Matriaux pour limage Films et papiers Dtermination des variations dimensionnelles ISO 18903:2002(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file
2、 may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the r
3、esponsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-cre
4、ation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2002 All rights reserved. Unle
5、ss otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO c
6、opyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2002 All rights reserved ISO 18903:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Forewordv Introductionvi 1 Scope 1 2 Normative r
7、eference1 3 Terms and definitions .1 4 Measurement technique3 5 Sampling.3 5.1 Selection of specimens.3 5.2 Handling of specimens .3 5.3 Conditioning of specimens.3 5.4 Processing of specimens .4 6 Conditioning.4 6.1 Constant humidity chamber .4 6.2 Standard temperature and humidity4 7 Test for humi
8、dity coefficient of expansion .5 7.1 Procedure .5 7.2 Calculations .5 7.3 Test report 5 8 Test for thermal coefficient of expansion .5 8.1 General5 8.2 Procedure .6 8.3 Calculations .6 8.4 Test report 6 9 Test for dimensional change due to processing7 9.1 General7 9.2 Coding system .7 9.3 Procedure
9、.7 9.4 Calculations .8 9.5 Test report 8 10 Test for dimensional change due to processing plus ageing.8 10.1 Ageing conditions .8 10.2 Ageing time 9 10.3 Procedure .9 10.4 Calculations .9 10.5 Test report 9 ISO 18903:2002(E) iv ISO 2002 All rights reserved Annex A (informative) Numbering system for
10、related International Standards .10 Annex B (informative) Methods of measuring dimensional change12 Annex C (informative) Dimensional hysteresis in photographic materials.13 Bibliography 17 ISO 18903:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardizati
11、on) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be re
12、presented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards
13、are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Internati
14、onal Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. I
15、SO 18903 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography. This first edition of ISO 18903 cancels and replaces ISO 6221:1996, which has been technically revised. Annexes A to C of this International Standard are for information only. ISO 18903:2002(E) vi ISO 2002 All rights reserved Intro
16、duction Photographic films and papers exhibit temporary or reversible dimensional changes as well as permanent dimensional changes. This International Standard is designed to provide uniform methods for treating the specimens and for expressing the dimensional changes which occur with changes in atm
17、ospheric conditions and those which occur in processing and ageing. Temporary or reversible dimensional changes are the result of changes in the equilibrium moisture content (which is determined by the relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere) or changes in temperature. Permanent dimensional
18、changes occur as the result of processing and ageing. The rate of permanent shrinkage of film generally increases with temperature, but decreases with time. The rate of shrinkage may also be greatest at either high or low relative humidity, depending on the type of film. Some materials, particularly
19、 photographic film on polyester base, can show a swelling after a high humidity exposure. The increasing use of photographic films in recent years, in applications where dimensional stability is critical, has emphasized the importance of an accurate measure of dimensional properties. For example, in
20、 photomechanical reproductions a dimensional change of as little as 0,01 % may be of practical importance. In the case of aerial mapping, uniform shrinkage is not serious since it can be easily corrected by a change in magnification, but any difference in shrinkage in the two principal directions is
21、 a source of error. Any localized or non-uniform changes in dimension are of practical concern. The dimensional change properties of any film or paper depend not only on their composition and method of manufacture, but also on their thermal and moisture content history. Accurate evaluation of such p
22、roperties requires some control over the specimen history as well as very precise control over the conditioning and measuring procedures. Film and paper dimensions are also subject to hysteresis effects. These are relatively more important with the more stable materials such as polyester photographi
23、c base films. Additional information on the dimensional characteristics of photographic films and papers and on methods of measurement may be found in the bibliography. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18903:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 1Imaging materials Films and paper Determination of dimension
24、al change 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method for determining the dimensional change of photographic films and papers caused by: variations in equilibrium moisture content due to change in the relative humidity (RH) of the atmosphere (humidity coefficient of expansion); change in
25、temperature (thermal coefficient of expansion); processing; ageing. This International Standard deals with the moisture content and thermal history of the specimens before measurement, the atmospheric conditions during measurement, and the treatment of the data. It does not describe the various expe
26、rimental techniques used to make the measurements. This International Standard is not suitable for determining the dimensional change of instant photographic film. 2 Normative reference The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions
27、of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normat
28、ive document indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO/TR 18931:2001, Imaging materials Recommendations for humidity measurement and control 3 Te
29、rms and definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 conditioning exposure of a specimen to air at a given relative humidity and temperature until equilibrium is reached 3.2 differential dimensional change difference between the dimensio
30、nal changes of the material in the two principal directions (length and width) NOTE Polyester-based films frequently have maximum and minimum dimensional changes in directions other than the length or width. These can be determined by rotating and viewing the uncoated base between a pair of crossed
31、polarizers. ISO 18903:2002(E) 2 ISO 2002 All rights reserved When the direction corresponding to either the maximum or minimum dimensional change is coincident with the optical axis of one polarizer, there is minimum light transmission through the base. 3.3 dimensional change due to processing perma
32、nent dimensional change caused by photographic processing NOTE This may be the conventional wet chemical processing, vapour processing or heat processing. It is measured after conditioning at the same relative humidity and temperature as used for the original measurement and is expressed as a percen
33、tage. 3.4 dimensional change due to processing plus ageing permanent dimensional change that occurs as a result of processing plus ageing of the processed material NOTE It is measured after conditioning of the processed, aged film or paper at the same relative humidity and temperature as used for th
34、e original measurement and is expressed as a percentage. 3.5 dimensional hysteresis difference in the absolute dimensions of a specimen in equilibrium with air at a given relative humidity, when conditioned from a higher relative humidity and when conditioned from a lower relative humidity NOTE See
35、annex C. 3.6 humidity coefficient of expansion change in dimension per unit length per 1 % change in relative humidity at constant temperature 3.7 humidity expansion contraction dimensional change caused by the gain (or loss) of moisture following changes in the relative humidity of the ambient air
36、at constant temperature 3.8 length direction direction of the film or paper parallel to its forward movement in the film- or paper-making machine NOTE This is also termed “grain” or “machine direction” in the case of papers. 3.9 preconditioning establishment of a moisture content history by conditio
37、ning the specimen at a relative humidity above or below the conditioning relative humidity used for measurement NOTE The purpose of preconditioning is to control the effects of hysteresis (see 3.5). 3.10 thermal coefficient of expansion change in dimension per unit length per 1 C change in temperatu
38、re at constant relative humidity 3.11 thermal expansion contraction dimensional change caused by a rise (or fall) of temperature at constant relative humidity NOTE This is an apparent thermal expansion, since the moisture content of film varies slightly with temperature at constant relative humidity
39、. However, the primary effect is thermal expansion. Thermal expansion is less important for paper because of the small changes involved, particularly compared to humidity effects. ISO 18903:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 33.12 width direction direction of the film or paper at right angles to t
40、he length direction NOTE This is also termed “cross direction”. 4 Measurement technique There are a number of different techniques used for measuring the dimensional change of sensitized materials. Specifications of measuring equipment are beyond the scope of this International Standard, but several
41、 approaches are described in annex B. 5 Sampling 5.1 Selection of specimens Specimens intended for dimensional stability tests shall exhibit no obvious physical defects, be representative of the whole of the material being tested, be handled in the same manner as in actual use, and be treated unifor
42、mly. When different materials are to be compared, they shall have been subjected to the same conditioning history. The length direction should be indicated if known. 5.2 Handling of specimens Specimens shall be prepared under controlled conditions and then separated into groups which are subjected t
43、o different atmospheric conditions. The operator shall take care not to breathe on the specimens and shall wear moisture-resistant gloves while handling them, since moisture from the skin may reduce the accuracy of the results. 5.3 Conditioning of specimens 5.3.1 General Specimens shall be suspended
44、 in the conditioning atmosphere by means of a hook or a rod through a hole in the middle of one end near the edge of the specimen. The specimens shall be separated to prevent contact with each other. An alternative method of conditioning is to place specimens in racks spaced so that there is free ci
45、rculation of the air on both sides of the material. Specimens shall not be removed from the conditioning atmosphere for measuring. Condition specimens until practical moisture equilibrium has been reached. The time required to achieve this condition shall be established by actual measurements on rep
46、resentative specimens or based on prior experience. 5.3.2 Film The conditioning time for film will be about 4 h, but will vary according to access of the conditioning air, the film type, base thickness, etc. Conditioning time shall not exceed 24 h. At relative humidities of 60 % and above, films and
47、 papers sometimes undergo an irreversible change in size with time. For this reason, the conditioning time shall be standardized for comparison purposes. 5.3.3 Paper Double-weight fibre-base papers will require about 1 d of conditioning; resin-coated papers require at least 7 d. ISO 18903:2002(E) 4
48、ISO 2002 All rights reserved 5.4 Processing of specimens Specimens shall be exposed and processed by methods and equipment normal for the product. When the effects of processing machines, tensions or drying conditions are being investigated, the film or paper shall be processed in the sizes of pract
49、ical interest. Specimens may be developed as negatives or as positives, but this can affect the dimensional change properties of some materials. Silver-gelatin films generally show less dimensional change when they have low density rather than high density. 6 Conditioning 6.1 Constant humidity chamber 6.1.1 General Either a walk-in constant humidity room or a cabinet may be used. 6.1.2 Constant humidity room The relative humidity (RH) shall be held constant to 1 % or better in areas of the room where specimens are mea
