1、 Reference number ISO 17191:2004(E) ISO 2004INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17191 First edition 2004-02-01 Urine-absorbing aids for incontinence Measurement of airborne respirable polyacrylate superabsorbent materials Determination of dust in collection cassettes by sodium atomic absorption spectrometry
2、Aides pour absorption durine Dosage des particules respirables de matriaux superabsorbants de polyacrylate en suspension dans lair Dosage de la poussire dans des cassettes par spectromtrie absorption atomique du sodium ISO 17191:2004(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In
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7、1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2004 All rights reservedISO 17191:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved iiiForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
8、 national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Int
9、ernational organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with t
10、he rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval
11、by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 17191 was prepared by Technical Committee I
12、SO/TC 173, Technical systems and aids for disabled or handicapped persons, Subcommittee SC 3, Aids for ostomy and incontinence. ISO 17191:2004(E) iv ISO 2004 All rights reservedIntroduction This International Standard was originally developed by European Disposables and Nonwovens Association (EDANA)
13、 as one of a twelve part series of test methods. It specifies a test method for determining the amount of airborne dust emanating from polyacrylate superabsorbent material. The other eleven parts differ from ISO 17191 in that they cover test methods for the characterization of polymer-based absorben
14、t materials. They have been transformed into International Standards as a series of eleven parts of ISO 17190. This test method has been in practical use for several years, and has proven to be reliable with respect to common criteria of quality of test methods (validity, repeatability, etc.). It is
15、 applicable to polyacrylate superabsorbent materials, which occur in hygiene products including urine-absorbing aids for incontinent persons. The test methods are addressed to the material exclusively. They are not intended to be used, and are not applicable for use, with finished manufactured urine
16、-absorbing aids. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17191:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 1Urine-absorbing aids for incontinence Measurement of airborne respirable polyacrylate superabsorbent materials Determination of dust in collection cassettes by sodium atomic absorption spectrometry 1 Scope This I
17、nternational Standard specifies a method for the determination of polyacrylate (PA) superabsorbent powders in airborne dust by measurement of sodium (Na) by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). PA dust samples are collected in polystyrene acrylonitrile air-monitoring cassettes with polytetrafluoroe
18、thylene filters and porous plastic backing pads. This method is applicable to the determination of collected superabsorbent powder in the range between 0,2 g and 60 g (limit of detection near 0,2 g) of superabsorbent powders. NOTE This test is designed to determine low levels of sodium and requires
19、that very clean handling conditions be observed. The use of deionized/distilled water containing very low sodium content is critical for successful analysis. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only t
20、he edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3696:1987, Water for analytical laboratory use Specification and test methods 3 Principle Atomic absorption analysis is used to determine the sodium content in PA s
21、uperabsorbent powders collected in air-monitoring cassettes. The sodium is determined after being released from the PA superabsorbent powder by exchange with potassium in a potassium chloride solution. The amount of dissolved sodium is then determined using AAS, and the mass of the PA superabsorbent
22、 powder collected is calculated after subtracting the background sodium levels present in blank cassettes. To minimize sodium contamination, cassettes are prewashed before collecting the airborne superabsorbent powder. For the analysis, an aliquot of the potassium chloride solution is drawn from the
23、 cassette directly into the atomic absorption spray chamber. 4 Reagents Use only reagents of recognized analytical grade, unless otherwise specified. Store all reagents and solutions in plastic containers with the exception of KCl (4.5) and IPA (4.3). Store these in the glass containers in which the
24、y are shipped. Pre-analyse reagents and solutions as specified in 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 for sodium (Na) using AAS, before using to clean cassettes or for Na analysis. 4.1 Potassium chloride (KCl), KCl content 99,999 % minimum; Na concentration less than 10 g/g. 4.2 Water, deionized or distilled, in accor
25、dance with ISO 3696:1987, Grade 1, containing 0,1 mg/l of Na. ISO 17191:2004(E) 2 ISO 2004 All rights reserved4.3 Isopropanol (IPA), analytical reagent grade. 4.4 Sodium standard reference solution, r(Na) = 1 000 mg/l 1 000 ppm 1) . 4.5 Potassium chloride solution, r(KCl) = 2 000 mg/l. Dissolve 2,0
26、g of potassium chloride (4.1) in 1 l of deionized water (4.2) in a polypropylene flask. The solution shall contain 0,1 mg/l of Na. 4.6 Sodium standard solutions, for AAS as follows: r(Na) = 0,1 mg/l, 0,5 mg/l, 1,0 mg/l, 2,0 mg/l. Using polypropylene volumetric flasks, dilute the 1 000 mg/l sodium st
27、andard reference solution (4.4) with the 2 000 mg/l potassium chloride solution (4.5) as required, and add isopropanol (4.3) to obtain a solution of 10 % by volume. 4.7 Atomic absorption zeroing solution, Add isopropanol (4.3) to 2 000 mg/l potassium chloride solution (4.5) to obtain a solution of e
28、xactly 10,0 % isopropanol by volume. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Use a single-beam spectrometer with air-acetylene flame, or equivalent, capable of photometric accuracy of 0,0005 AU. 5.2 Spraychamber and burner: use a unit that is dedicated for trace-level sodium determinat
29、ion. 5.3 Hollow cathode lamp for sodium. 5.4 Pipette, capable of measuring 0,5 ml. 5.5 Pipette, capable of measuring 4,5 ml. 5.6 Plastic gloves, non-powdered. 5.7 Volumetric flasks, polypropylene, 1 000 ml and 100 ml capacity. 5.8 Air-monitoring cassettes 2) ,see Figure 1. 5.9 Flatbed laboratory sha
30、ker, capable of holding and shaking air-monitoring cassettes (5.8) 1) 1 mg/l = 1 ppm. The use of ppm is deprecated. 2) Commercially available air-monitoring cassettes with the following specifications have been shown to be suitable: three-piece clear polystyrene cassette for respirable dust cyclone
31、sampling, as specified in NIOSH methods 7500 support pad = SKC catalogue part No. 225-2902; filter = PTFE filter with PTFE support, 37 mm diameter, 2 m thickness, typical air flow 25,3 l/min/cm 2at 0,7 bar pressure drop, typically 99,99 % aerosol retention (e.g. Pall Gelman catalogue part No. P5pj03
32、7, Zefluor filter 37 mm, 2 m) . This information is given for the convenience of the users of this International Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of these products. ISO 17191:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 35.10 Air filter 3) , for drying assembly manifold (see Figure 2),
33、 capable of retaining airborne particles and aerosols of 0,3 m diameter at a minimum flowrate of 5 l/min. Key 1 air flow 2 cassette outlet 3 support pad 4 filter 5 cassette ring (middle) 6 cassette ring (bottom) Figure 1 Air-monitoring cassette 3) Commercially available High Efficiency Particulate-f
34、ree Air (HEPA) capsule with the following specification has been shown to be suitable: Pall Corporation, catalogue No. 12144. This information is given for the convenience of the users of this International Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product. ISO 17191:2004(E) 4 I
35、SO 2004 All rights reservedKey 1 HEPA filter 2 cassette 3 Tygon tubing aTo vacuum. Figure 2 Cassette-drying unit 6 Procedure 6.1 Sample preparation and precautionary measures 6.1.1 Preparation and cleaning of cassettes prior to air monitoring 6.1.1.1 In summary, cassettes are assembled, filters are
36、wet with 0,5 ml IPA, washed with 0,2 % KCl solution, then rinsed with de-ionized water and dried before use as dust collection devices or blanks. 6.1.1.2 Assemble the desired number of cassettes without touching with the fingers any inside surface of the cassette. Analysts may wear plastic gloves to
37、 reduce contamination. Use forceps to handle filters and backing pads. If filters or backing pads are dropped, they should be discarded. Wash any hardware before re- use if dropped. Put only the bottom-end plug in the cassette, keeping the other plugs in the plastic bag. Tape the cassette over the c
38、ircumference at the joint to assure a good seal. 6.1.1.3 Add 0,5 ml of IPA to the cassette to wet the filter and fill the cassette with 0,2 % KCl. Allow the KCl solution to stand in the cassette for at least 15 min, but not longer than 2 h. 6.1.1.4 Using vacuum suction (Figure 3), draw the solution
39、through the cassette. Turn-off the vacuum just as the cassette empties. Do not pull air through the cassette after the solution has been drawn out. Fill the cassette with deionized water and pull through to rinse the cassette. Repeat this three more times. ISO 17191:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reser
40、ved 5Key 1 Tygon tubing aPut cassette here. bTo vacuum. Figure 3 Vacuum washing stand 6.1.1.5 After the last rinse, connect the inlet of the cassette to an HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate-free Air) filter with retains particles and aerosols with diameters in excess of 0,3 m. For efficiency, up to
41、six cassettes may be fitted in parallel to the same HEPA filter (see Figure 2). Using vacuum suction, pull air through the cassette for drying. The required time will vary for each cassette, but experience has shown that all visible water is removed after 2 h if the air flow rate is 0,85 l/min for e
42、ach cassette. Excess drying is not recommended in order to minimize contamination risk. The filter appearance will change to a bright white when dry, and all water droplets will be evaporated from the interior of the cassettes. 6.1.1.6 Fit the inlet and outlet plugs in the cassette with forceps; do
43、not touch the plugs with the fingers. Tighten the plugs by turning and pressing by hand. Re-inspect the cassettes after 12 h for signs of moisture. If moisture is seen, dry for as short time as possible (as in 6.1.1.5) to remove the moisture. If a cleaned cassette is accidentally opened, it should b
44、e recleaned before use. 6.1.1.7 Before releasing cleaned cassettes for air sampling, each shall be clearly labelled with a unique identification so that its preparation date can be traced. In addition, 10 % of the cassettes shall be tested for sodium contamination. These cassettes shall be selected
45、from the first, middle and last part of the batch. Cassettes are tested for contamination as if they were samples from air monitoring. If the test cassettes contain over 0,17 g of sodium, then all cassettes shall be re-cleaned and again 10 % shall be tested before release. Keep records of the absorb
46、ance values of the water used for rinsing, and the values from the sodium determination for the 10 % blank cassettes that were tested. ISO 17191:2004(E) 6 ISO 2004 All rights reserved6.1.1.8 In addition to the cassettes that are tested for release, five of the remaining clean cassettes should be ret
47、ained for blank determinations. These are for determining the limit of detection for the test at the time a series of cassettes from air monitoring are tested for PA dust level. If cassettes from a batch of clean cassettes are sent to more than one location, then five blanks shall be kept for each l
48、ocation involved. If any of these blank cassettes are not used during testing, they may be made part of another batch of cassettes and carried along through the cleaning procedure. 6.1.2 Preparation of cassettes for sodium analysis after air monitoring 6.1.2.1 Note that it is very important to use t
49、he same chemicals and solutions for preparing the calibration curve, and analysis of corresponding samples and blanks. If all the test samples cannot be processed with the same batch of solutions, run a new calibration curve with newly prepared solutions for the remaining samples and treat the results of these samples as if they are an independent series. 6.1.2.2 Take appropriate care to avoid contaminating the cassettes. Assume that fingers, work bench surfaces, the laboratory floor, etc. are contaminated wi
