1、 Reference number ISO 16840-1:2006(E) ISO 2006INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16840-1 First edition 2006-03-15 Wheelchair seating Part 1: Vocabulary, reference axis convention and measures for body segments, posture and postural support surfaces Siges de fauteuils roulants Partie 1: Vocabulaire, conventi
2、on des axes de rfrence et mesures des segments corporels, des surfaces de posture et du sige ISO 16840-1:2006(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces wh
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8、r body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2006 All rights reservedISO 16840-1:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved iii Contents Pa
9、ge Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 General terms and definitions . 1 3 Abbreviated terms and subscripts 6 3.1 Abbreviated terms 6 3.2 Subscripts . 6 4 Global coordinate system principles 7 4.1 General. 7 4.2 Structure 7 5 Terms and definitions of an integrated geometric reference system . 7
10、 5.1 General. 7 5.2 Global coordinate system 8 5.3 Wheelchair axis system (WAS) . 9 5.4 Support surface axis system (SSAS) 10 5.5 Seated anatomical axis system (SAAS) . 11 6 Terms and definitions of support surface measures 12 6.1 General. 12 6.2 Terms and definitions of support surface measures in
11、the sagittal view. 13 6.3 Terms and definitions of support surface measures in the frontal view 20 6.4 Terms and definitions of support surface measures in the transverse view. 26 7 Terms and definitions of body measures of a seated person . 30 7.1 General. 30 7.2 Terms and definitions of body measu
12、res in the sagittal plane 31 7.3 Terms and definitions of body measures in the frontal view. 41 7.4 Terms and definitions of body measures in the transverse plane 50 Annex A (normative) Definition of reference lines for common seating support surfaces . 56 Annex B (normative) Calculations of joint c
13、entres. 63 Annex C (informative) Abdominal and sternal body segment lines for use in sagittal and frontal body measures 68 Bibliography . 74 Alphabetical index . 75 ISO 16840-1:2006(E) iv ISO 2006 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide fed
14、eration of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that comm
15、ittee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accorda
16、nce with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires
17、 approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 16840-1 was prepared by Technical
18、 Committee ISO/TC 173, Assistive products for persons with disability, Subcommittee SC 1, Wheelchairs. ISO 16840 consists of the following parts, under the general title Wheelchair seating: Part 1: Vocabulary, reference axis convention and measures for body segments, posture and postural support sur
19、faces Part 2: Determination of physical and mechanical characteristics of devices intended to manage tissue integrity Seat cushions Part 3: Determination of static, impact and repetitive load strengths for postural support devices The following parts are under preparation: Part 4: Seating systems fo
20、r use in motor vehicles Part 5: Determination of pressure relief characteristics of seat cushions intended to manage tissue integrity ISO 16840-1:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved v Introduction The development of wheelchair seating as a sub-specialty of rehabilitation services has been occurring
21、 over the last several decades. This practice involves the selection and provision of wheelchair seating products that provide improved body support, movement control, and injury prevention for the wheelchair user. Inherent in this selection process is the measurement and communication of the anthro
22、pometrics and postural measures of the seated person, as well as the orientation, location and linear measures of the persons seating support surfaces. However, there has been tremendous variation in the use of the terminology and definitions related to the clinical measures of a seated individual.
23、Standard definitions and terms are lacking for communicating critical postural information and support surface parameters in a way that is uniformly useful to service providers, researchers, manufacturers, wheelchair users and purchasers when selecting and providing wheelchair seating devices. The p
24、urpose of this part of 16840 is to specify standardised geometric terms and definitions for describing and quantifying a persons anthropometric measures and seated posture, as well as the spatial orientation and dimensions of a persons seating support surfaces. This also allows for the systematic mo
25、nitoring of a persons seated posture change over time. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16840-1:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 1 Wheelchair seating Part 1: Vocabulary, reference axis convention and measures for body segments, posture and postural support surfaces 1 Scope This part of ISO 16840 appli
26、es to seating intended to provide postural support within a wheelchair. It specifies: a) a global coordinate system that permits the determination and recording of a persons posture while seated in a wheelchair; b) the standard terms and definitions for use in describing both the posture and the ant
27、hropometrics of a person seated in a wheelchair; c) the terms and definitions for describing the dimensions, location and orientation of seating support surfaces, which together comprise the body support system. This part of ISO 16840 does not specify any methods for use in measuring a persons seate
28、d posture, nor does it define terms for dynamic physiological movements (such as flexion or extension). This part of 16840 might be applicable to seating other than that intended to be used within a wheelchair. 2 General terms and definitions 2.1 absolute angle angle which represents the orientation
29、 in space of a body segment or support surface reference plane relative to the gravitational axis system NOTE See 5.2. 2.2 body centreline vertical line falling on the midsagittal plane of the body, as viewed in the frontal plane 2.3 body segment line line defined by two designated body landmarks, e
30、ither palpated or calculated, used in determining angular positions of body segments 2.4 contact surface surface of the seating support in contact with the seated persons body ISO 16840-1:2006(E) 2 ISO 2006 All rights reserved2.5 depth linear dimension of a seating support surface measured in the Y
31、direction on a line parallel to the support surface reference plane See Figure 1. Figure 1 Examples of depth 2.6 length linear dimension of a seating support surface measured in the Z direction on a line parallel to the support surface reference plane See Figure 2. Figure 2 Examples of length 2.7 re
32、ference position fixed hypothetical baseline position to which other positions may be referenced 2.8 relative angle angle formed between two body segment lines or two support surface reference lines ISO 16840-1:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3 2.9 seated anatomical axis system SAAS axis system
33、 used to define the orientation of the body segments in space and to each other 2.10 seated reference position SRP orthogonal seated position to which other positions may be referenced 2.11 support surface axis system SSAS axis system used to define the orientation, location and linear dimensions of
34、 seating support surfaces 2.12 support surface geometric centre SSGC point of intersection of two or more lines joining the furthest points from the edges of a contact surface, measured along the surface See Figure 3. a) Asymmetric contoured surface b) Planar surface Key 1 line along the contoured s
35、urface 2 support surface geometric centre (SSGC) Figure 3 Illustration of the SSGC on curved and planar support surfaces 2.13 support surface reference line designated line passing through the support surface geometric centre used in measurement of the absolute and relative angles of the seating sup
36、port surface 2.14 support surface reference position SSRP fixed hypothetical baseline position of support surfaces in the three orthogonal planes to which other positions may be referenced ISO 16840-1:2006(E) 4 ISO 2006 All rights reserved2.15 support surface reference plane plane passing through th
37、e SSGC tangential to the surface curvature at the SSGC radius at the point of the SSGC See Figure 4. NOTE The tangent to the radius of a planar surface is parallel to the surface. a) Symmetrical contoured support surface b) Asymmetrical contoured support surfaces c) Planar surface Key 1 support surf
38、ace reference plane 2 radius of the support surface curve at the SSGC 3 SSGC Figure 4 Examples of support surface reference planes for contoured and planar surfaces ISO 16840-1:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 5 2.16 thickness linear dimension of a seating support surface measured perpendicular
39、to the support surface reference plane See Figure 5. Figure 5 Examples of thickness 2.17 wheelchair axis system WAS axis system which may be used to define the orientation and location of the person and any items attached to or contained within a wheelchair base relative to that base 2.18 width line
40、ar dimension of a seating support surface measured in the X direction on a line parallel to the support surface reference plane See Figure 6. Figure 6 Examples of width ISO 16840-1:2006(E) 6 ISO 2006 All rights reserved3 Abbreviated terms and subscripts 3.1 Abbreviated terms AS anterior support ASIS
41、 anterior superior iliac spine IS inferior support LS lateral support MS medial support PS posterior support PSIS posterior superior iliac spine SAAS seated anatomical axis system SSAS support surface axis system SRP seated reference position SSGC support surface geometric centre SSRP support surfac
42、e reference position WAS wheelchair axis system 3.2 Subscripts d depth ed effective depth el effective length ew effective width fang frontal angle floc frontal location L left l length R right sang sagittal angle sloc sagittal location t thickness tang transverse angle tloc transverse location w wi
43、dth ISO 16840-1:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 7 4 Global coordinate system principles 4.1 General This part of 16840 is based on a three-dimensional global coordinate system applied separately to the wheelchair, the seating support surfaces and the wheelchair user. Separately and/or collectiv
44、ely this coordinate system allows for measurement in the three traditional orthogonal planes of locations, linear measures, and angles of the body segments of a person and the seating support surfaces. The measures of a person (either linear or angular) will not necessarily be identical to those of
45、the seating support surfaces. The prescription of a seating support surface should be determined through clinical interpretation or translation of the measures of a person into those appropriate for support surfaces that will adequately support a person in a desired posture. 4.2 Structure Clause 5 s
46、pecifies the integrated geometric reference system upon which all the following definitions for this part of ISO 16840 are based. Next, the measurement definitions for seating support surfaces, and the body measures are specified. They are each defined using the three orthogonal planes, sagittal, fr
47、ontal and transverse. For each plane, a standard reference position (SSRP or SRP), and definitions for measures of support surface locations, linear dimensions, absolute angles and relative angles (where appropriate) are specified. 5 Terms and definitions of an integrated geometric reference system
48、5.1 General The following are terms and definitions for an integrated geometric reference system that permits the measurement of a persons seated posture. The measured seated posture can then be recorded relative to the persons seating support surfaces, and finally, in relation to the global referen
49、ce (the wheelchair frame) in which the person is seated. Five interrelated components comprise the integrated geometric reference system: a) the wheelchair axis system (WAS) defines a fixed global reference system, specified by the geometry of each persons wheelchair after configuration of that wheelchair for the specific person; b) the support surface axis system (SSAS) defines the coordinate conventions used to specify the support surface reference position; c) the support surface reference posit
