1、 ISO 2013 Paints and varnishes Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources Part 4: Open-flame carbon-arc lamps Peintures et vernis Mthodes dexposition des sources lumineuses de laboratoire Partie 4: Lampes arc au carbone INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16474-4 First edition 2013-11-15 Reference numbe
2、r ISO 16474-4:2013(E) ISO 16474-4:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photoco
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4、7 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 16474-4:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Principle 2 5 Apparatus . 2 5.1 Laboratory light source . 2 5.2 Test cha
5、mber 6 5.3 Radiometer . 6 5.4 Black-standard/black-panel thermometer . 6 5.5 Wetting and humidity-control equipment 6 5.6 Specimen holders . 7 5.7 Apparatus to assess changes in properties 7 6 Test specimens 7 7 Exposure conditions . 7 7.1 Temperature 7 7.2 Relative humidity of chamber air . 8 7.3 S
6、pray cycle 8 8 Procedure. 8 8.1 General . 8 8.2 Mounting the test specimens 8 8.3 Exposure . 8 8.4 Duration of test . 9 8.5 Measurement of radiant exposure . 9 8.6 Determination of changes in properties after exposure . 9 9 Test report . 9 Bibliography .10 ISO 16474-4:2013(E) Foreword ISO (the Inter
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13、r this document is ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, Subcommittee SC 9, General test methods for paints and varnishes. ISO 16474 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paints and varnishes Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources: Part 1: General guidance Part 2: Xenon-arc la
14、mps Part 3: Fluorescent UV lamps Part 4: Open-flame carbon-arc lampsiv ISO 2013 All rights reserved ISO 16474-4:2013(E) Introduction Coatings of paints, varnishes and similar materials (subsequently referred to simply as coatings) are exposed to laboratory light sources, in order to simulate in the
15、laboratory the ageing processes which occur during natural weathering or behind window glass. ISO 2013 All rights reserved v Paints and varnishes Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources Part 4: Open-flame carbon-arc lamps 1 Scope This part of ISO 16474 specifies methods for exposing specimen
16、s to open-flame carbon-arc lamps in the presence of moisture to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed in actual end-use environments to daylight or to daylight filtered through window glass. The specimens are exposed to filtered open-flame carbon-arc light under cont
17、rolled conditions (temperature, humidity and/or wetting). Different types of filters are used to simulate either direct exposure to the environment or exposure through window glass. Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in other International Standards for specific materials
18、. General guidance is given in ISO 16474-1. NOTE Open-flame carbon-arc exposures for plastics are described in ISO 4892-4. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references,
19、 only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 4582, Plastics Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure to daylight under glass, natural weathering or laboratory light
20、 sources ISO 4618, Paints and varnishes Terms and definitions ISO 9370, Plastics Instrumental determination of radiant exposure in weathering tests General guidance and basic test method I S O 16 474-1, Paints and varnishes Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources Part 1: General guidance 3 T
21、erms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 4618 and the following apply. 3.1 radiant exposure H amount of radiant energy to which a test panel has been exposed Note 1 to entry: Radiant exposure is given by the equation d INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO
22、 16474-4:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1 ISO 16474-4:2013(E) where H is the radiant exposure, in joules per square metre; E is the irradiance, in watts per square metre; t is the exposure time, in seconds Note 2 to entry: If the irradiance E is constant throughout the whole exposure time, the
23、 radiant exposure H is given simply by the product of E and t. 4 Principle 4.1 Specimens of the materials to be tested are exposed to glass-filtered open-flame carbon-arc light, to heat, to relative humidity and to water (see 4.3) under controlled environmental conditions. 4.2 The exposure condition
24、s may be varied by selection of a) the light filter(s); b) the temperature during light exposure; c) the relative humidity of the chamber air during light and dark exposures, when test conditions requiring control of humidity are used; d) the type of wetting (see 4.3); e) the water temperature and w
25、etting cycle; f) the timing of the light/dark cycle. 4.3 Wetting is usually produced by spraying the test specimens with demineralised/ deionized water or by condensation of water vapour onto the surfaces of the specimens. 4.4 The procedure may include measurements of the irradiance and radiant expo
26、sure in the plane of the specimens. 4.5 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance (a control) be exposed simultaneously with the test specimens to provide a standard for comparative purposes. 4.6 Intercomparison of results obtained from the test specimens exposed in different ty
27、pes of apparatus should not be made unless an appropriate statistical relationship has been established between the apparatuses for the particular material to be tested. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Laboratory light source 5.1.1 General Open-flame carbon-arc light sources typically use one, three or four pairs o
28、f carbon rods which contain a mixture of rare-earth metal salts and have a surface coating of a metal such as copper. An electric current is passed between the carbon rods which burn, giving off ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation. The pairs of carbon rods are burned in sequence, with one pa
29、ir burning at any one time. Use the carbon rods recommended by the manufacturer of the apparatus. The radiation reaching the specimens passes through glass filters. Three types of glass filter are used in practice. Tables 1 and 2 2 ISO 2013 All rights reserved ISO 16474-4:2013(E) show the typical re
30、lative spectral power distribution for open-flame carbon-arc lamps with daylight and window-glass filters, respectively. When extended-UV filters are used, the relative spectral power distribution shall meet the requirements of Table 3. NOTE Solar spectral irradiance for a number of different atmosp
31、heric conditions is described in CIE No. 85. The benchmark daylight used in this part of ISO 16474 is that defined in CIE No. 85:1989, Table 4. 5.1.2 Spectral irradiance of open-flame carbon-arc lamps with daylight filters (Type 1) The data in Table 1 are typical of an open-flame carbon-arc lamp wit
32、h glass filters used to simulate daylight (see CIE No. 85:1989, Table 4). 5.1.3 Spectral irradiance of open-flame carbon-arc lamps with window glass filters (Type 2) The data in Table 2 are typical of an open-flame carbon-arc lamp with window-glass filters. 5.1.4 Spectral irradiance of open-flame ca
33、rbon-arc lamps with extended-UV filters (Type 3) The data in Table 3 are typical of an open-flame carbon-arc lamp with extended-UV filters. A typical example of a suitable type 3 filter is that commonly known as Corex 7058 1) . Table 1 Typical ultraviolet spectral power distribution for open-flame c
34、arbon-arc lamps with daylight filters (type 1) a,b Spectral passband Typical distribution for open- flame carbon-arc lamp with daylight filters c CIE No. 85:1989, Table 4 d,e ( = wavelength in nm) % % 290 0,05 290 320 2,9 5,4 320 360 20,5 38,2 360 400 76,6 56,4 aThis table gives the irradiance in th
35、e given passband, expressed as a percentage of the total irradiance between 290 nm and 400 nm. To determine the relative spectral power distribution of an open-flame carbon-arc lamp through a specific daylight filter or set of filters, the spectral power distribution shall be measured from 250 nm to
36、 400 nm. Typically, this is done in 2 nm increments. The total irradiance in each passband is then summed and divided by the total irradiance between 290 nm and 400 nm. bThe table gives typical data for an open-flame carbon-arc lamp with borosilicate-glass daylight filters. There is currently not en
37、ough data available to develop a specification for the open-flame carbon-arc lamp with a daylight filter. cFor any individual spectral power distribution, the calculated percentages for the passbands in this table will sum to 100 %. dThe data from CIE No. 85:1989, Table 4, is the global solar irradi
38、ance on a horizontal surface for an air mass of 1,0, an ozone column of 0,34 cm at STP, 1,42 cm of precipitable water vapour and a spectral optical depth of aerosol extinction of 0,1 at 500 nm. These data are provided for comparison purposes only. eFor the solar spectrum represented by CIE No. 85:19
39、89, Table 4, the UV irradiance (290 nm to 400 nm) is 11 % and the visible irradiance (400 nm to 800 nm) is 89 %, expressed as a percentage of the total irradiance between 290 nm to 800 nm. 1) Corex 7058 is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the con
40、venience of users of this part of ISO 16474 and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product. ISO 2013 All rights reserved 3 ISO 16474-4:2013(E) Table 2 Typical ultraviolet spectral power distribution for open-flame carbon-arc lamps with window-glass filters (type 2) a,b Spectral passba
41、nd Typical distribution for open- flame carbon-arc lamp with window-glass filters c CIE No. 85:1989, Table 4, plus effect of window glass d,e ( = wavelength in nm) % % 300 0,0 300 320 0,3 1 320 360 18,7 33,1 360 400 81,0 66,0 aThis table gives the typical irradiance in the given passband, expressed
42、as a percentage of the total irradiance between 290 nm and 400 nm. To determine the irradiance in each passband for an open-flame carbon-arc lamp with a specific set of window-glass filters, the spectral power distribution shall be measured from 250 nm to 400 nm. Typically, this is done in 2 nm incr
43、ements. The total irradiance in each passband is then summed and divided by the total irradiance between 290 nm and 400 nm. bThe table gives typical data for an open-flame carbon-arc lamp with window-glass filters. There is currently not enough data available to develop a specification for the spect
44、ral power distribution. cFor any individual spectral power distribution, the calculated percentages for the passbands in this table will sum to 100 %. Contact the manufacturer of the carbon-arc apparatus for the spectral power distribution data for the particular carbon arcs and window-glass filters
45、 used. dThe data from CIE No. 85:1989, Table 4, plus the effect of window glass was determined by multiplying the CIE No. 85:1989, Table 4, data by the transmission typical for window glass used in the USA and Europe. These data are provided for comparison purposes only. eFor the CIE No. 85:1989, Ta
46、ble 4 plus window glass data, the UV irradiance between 300 nm and 400 nm ranges from 7,7 % to 10,6 % and the visible radiation ranges from 89,4 % to 92,3 %, expressed as a percentage of the total irradiance between 300 nm and 800 nm.4 ISO 2013 All rights reserved ISO 16474-4:2013(E) Table 3 Ultravi
47、olet spectral power distribution for open-flame carbon-arc lamps with extended-UV filters (type 3) a,b Spectral passband Minimum c Maximum c CIE No. 85:1989, Table 4 d,e ( = wavelength in nm) % % % 290 4,9 290 320 2,3 6,7 5,4 320 360 16,4 24,3 38,2 360 400 68,1 80,1 56,4 aThis table gives the irradi
48、ance in the given passband, expressed as a percentage of the total irradiance between 250 nm and 400 nm. To determine whether a specific filter or set of filters for an open-flame carbon-arc lamp meets the requirements of this table, the spectral power distribution shall be measured from 250 nm to 4
49、00 nm. Typically, this is done in 2 nm increments. The total irradiance in each wavelength passband is then summed and divided by the total irradiance from 250 nm to 400 nm. bThe minimum and maximum limits in this table are based on 24 spectral power distribution measurements with open-flame carbon-arc lamps with filters from different production lots and of various ages, used in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer. The minimum an
