1、 ISO 2012 Non-structural timber grading requirements Exigences pour le classement des bois non structurels INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16415 First edition 2012-08-01 Reference number ISO 16415:2012(E) ISO 16415:2012(E) ii ISO 2012 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights r
2、eserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the req
3、uester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 16415:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references .
4、1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Non-structural timber classification . 2 4.1 General . 2 4.2 Use . 2 4.3 Extent-of-manufacture . 2 4.4 Standard non-structural timber sizes 2 5 Grading rule requirements 2 5.1 General concepts 2 6 Use classification provisions for visual grading of non-structural tim
5、ber 3 6.1 Yard non-structural timber 3 6.2 Factory and shop timber . 4 7 Control of grade sorting process 5 7.1 Grader requirements 5 7.2 Rules to satisfy utility requirements 5 7.3 Internal quality control . 5 8 Inspection 5 8.1 Certification and supervision . 5 8.2 Delegation of grading authority
6、. 5 8.3 Service 5 9 Control in case of dispute . 5 9.1 General . 5 9.2 Complaints 6 9.3 Reinspection results . 6 10 Product identification . 6 ISO 16415:2012(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies
7、). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and no
8、n-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Par
9、t 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
10、 a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 16415 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 218, Timber. iv ISO 2012 All rights res
11、erved ISO 16415:2012(E) Introduction This International Standard describes the essential requirements of non-structural timber grading rules. These requirements have been kept to the essential minimum to ensure maximum scope and flexibility in the application of this International Standard. The note
12、s listed throughout this International Standard are intended to clarify the meaning of a requirement and/or to assist in the implementation of the requirement. The general idea is for any non-structural timber grading rule to be acceptable, provided it is accurately defined and contains the minimum
13、requirements set forth in this International Standard. It is expected that each region, country or industry sector will write its own non-structural timber grading rules that will comply with the normative requirements stated herein, but which will have features that are specific to its own producti
14、on, technology infrastructure and market conditions. Non-structural timber can be produced from non-coniferous and coniferous species of trees that grow throughout the northern and southern hemispheres. Non-coniferous species are botanically Angiosperms, where the seeds are enclosed in the flower of
15、 the ovary; the wood of non-coniferous species contains vessels, and is therefore porous. Coniferous species are botanically Gymnosperms, where the seeds are not enclosed in the ovary of the flower; the wood of coniferous species contains no vessels, and is therefore nonporous. Possessing unique nat
16、ural characteristics that affect machining, durability and usability, sawn non-structural timber produced from non-coniferous and coniferous species has an extensive history of satisfactory use by consumers everywhere. Globally, non-structural timber has numerous classifications, uses, and standards
17、. Recognizing the complexities of an assortment of grading rules that are applicable to non- coniferous and coniferous species, this International Standard is not specifically based on any one grading rule or grading standard. This International Standard delineates and illustrates broad grade catego
18、ries that specify essential features typically found in the broad categories based on commonalities of numerous grading rules used for sawn non-structural timber of non- coniferous and coniferous species in international commerce. Sawn non-structural timber produced from non-coniferous and coniferou
19、s species contains natural characteristics that are inherently different in quality, thus the resultant products have a variety of end uses. Because of this, the grading systems used to classify the sawn non-structural timber are numerous but can generally be separated into two basic systems that us
20、e a visual assessment of the timber. One visual grading system uses a classification scheme based on the usable content of the piece of sawn non-structural timber aside from any parts which can be considered undesirable for use. This type of grading system determines usable content of the piece by u
21、sing “cuttings” or similar units between undesirable defects to determine the usable content of the piece. Sawn non-structural timber products produced under this type of grading system are generally intended to be further manufactured to obtain products that can be used in interior or exterior appl
22、ications, often with exposed surfaces and having clear or light finishes. The second visual grading system uses a classification scheme based on the usability of the full length of the piece. Sawn non-structural timber products produced under this type of grading system are used in many building app
23、lications and are generally not intended to be further manufactured. Sawn non-structural timber produced from non-coniferous and coniferous species can be graded using either grading system. Generally, sawn non-structural timber produced from non-coniferous species is graded using a classification s
24、cheme based on the usable content of the piece, whereas, sawn non-structural timber produced from coniferous species is graded using a classification scheme based on the usability of the full length of the piece. ISO 2012 All rights reserved v Non-structural timber grading requirements 1 Scope This
25、International Standard delineates and illustrates broad grade categories that specify essential features typically found in those categories based on commonalities of numerous national standards and grading rules used for non-structural timber of non-coniferous and coniferous species in internationa
26、l commerce. It provides a basis for recognition of a national standard or grading rules that comply with this International Standard and is applicable to all methods of visual grading systems for non-structural timber of all non-coniferous and coniferous species of timber. Non-structural timber prod
27、uced from bamboo is not covered in this International Standard. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced documen
28、t (including any revisions) applies. ISO 24294, Timber Round and sawn timber Vocabulary 3 T erms and definitio ns For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 24294 and the following apply. 3.1 characteristics distinguishing features which by their extent, location, and
29、number determine the quality of a piece of non- structural timber NOTE The limiting characteristics of any grade of timber are described in the grading rules. 3.2 grade population of non-structural timber, derived from a specified resource by applying a specified sorting procedure 3.3 grading rules
30、requirements and specifications for the manufacture, inspection and grading of designated species of non- structural timber 3.4 nominal size size by which non-structural timber is known or specified at a stated moisture content NOTE In the United States and Canada nominal size does not reflect the p
31、laned size of non-structural timber. 3.5 planed timber non-structural timber that, at the end-use moisture content, has been machined for its full length and width on at least one face to obtain a smooth surface 3.6 prepared timber non-structural timber that, at the end-use moisture content, has bee
32、n cut to length, machined on one or more surfaces, or both, within agreed permitted deviations INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16415:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1 ISO 16415:2012(E) 3.7 p ro fil e d t imb er non-structural timber that, after drying, has been machined to obtain a specified, but no
33、t rectangular, cross-section 3.8 rough sawn timber sawn non-structural timber that has not undergone any further machining, which is to specified permitted deviations 4 Non-structural timber classification 4.1 General Sawn non-structural timber shall be classified according to the use, extent-of-man
34、ufacture and standard minimum sizes. 4.2 Use 4.2.1 Yard timber Sawn non-structural timber is timber of those grades, sizes, and patterns intended for non-structural applications. 4.2.2 Factory and shop timber Sawn non-structural timber is timber produced or selected for remanufacturing purposes and
35、intended for non- structural applications. 4.3 Extent-of-manufacture Sawn non-structural timber may be classified according to the surface manufacture of the timber; examples are rough sawn timber, planed timber, prepared timber and profiled timber. 4.4 Standard non-structural timber sizes The minim
36、um standard sizes of both rough sawn and planed timber shall be provided for in the grading rules. 5 Grading rule requirements 5.1 General concepts 5.1.1 General The grading process shall involve sorting sawn non-structural timber according to defect limitations as specified in the grading rules. Co
37、nceptually there are an infinite number of sorting procedures that may be used. Any method may be used provided it is correctly defined. NOTE 1 Rules for grade sorting typically comprise rules for ensuring adequate utility features. NOTE 2 National standards or grading rules containing grade sorting
38、 processes generally comply with the intent of this International Standard. 5.1.2 Grading parameters The basic provisions for the grading of sawn non-structural timber shall be uniform, as far as permitted by the different characteristics of species, the quality of logos, the conditions of manufactu
39、re, and the intended use of the product. Grading rules shall establish a maximum percent below grade as an allowable variation between 2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO 16415:2012(E) qualified graders. The grading of sawn non-structural timber cannot be considered an exact science because it is bas
40、ed on either a visual inspection of each piece or the judgment of the grader. NOTE The established maximum percent below grade is normally contained in national standards or grading rules; percentages of 5% to 10% allowable variations are common. 5.1.3 Minimum grade requirements The method of determ
41、ining the extent and limitations of the characteristics permitted in the poorest pieces admissible in each grade of timber shall be stated in a grading rule, except in the lowest grade of each classification. Since sawn non-structural timber grades are broad manufacturing categories, grades overlap
42、and pieces are selected from a grade to comprise another grade outside of that grade category. A specific shipment shall not be made up of only pieces containing characteristics of the maximum number or size permitted in the grade. 5.1.4 Grade characteristics Characteristics permitted and limitation
43、s for rough sawn non-structural timber shall be the same as those prescribed in grading rules for planed timber of the same grade; in addition, characteristics that will disappear in standard planing shall be allowed. If characteristics other than those described in the grading rules are encountered
44、, the characteristic shall be evaluated in relation to the characteristics permitted or limitations prescribed for the grade under consideration and shall be allowed if regarded as equivalent or less damaging in effect on the appearance or other utility value of the piece. In all grades, the size of
45、 allowable characteristics shall not exceed that specified in the respective grading rules. NOTE In many grades, the size of permitted characteristics varies in proportion to the size of a face or the area of a cross-section of the piece. In timber graded using the “cutting” system, the respective g
46、rades commonly list maximum sizes permitted for splits, knots, holes, bark, etc., where necessary. 5.1.5 Special provisions When heartwood, sapwood, grain classifications, and other optional provisions are specified, and the sawn non-structural timber conforms to the requirements of such special pro
47、visions as well as to the regular grade designated, it shall be regarded as of standard quality. 5.1.6 Nonstandard grades When nonstandard grades, sizes, or patterns are specified, or when particular provisions of a standard grade are waived or changed, grading shall be made accordingly, but all of
48、the other provisions of the grading rules shall apply. 6 Use clas sification p rovisions for visual grading of non-structural timber 6.1 Yard non-structural timber 6.1.1 Grade classifications The grading of planed yard non-structural timber is based upon the uses for which the particular grade is de
49、signed and is applied to each kind with reference to its size and length when graded without consideration to further manufacture. On the basis of quality, basic grade classifications of yard timber shall be as follows. 6.1.1.1 Coniferous species 6.1.1.1.1 Select Timber that is generally used for natural and paint finishes. NOTE Coniferous can be clear face too. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3 ISO 16415:2012(E) 6.1.1.1.2 Common Timber that is generally used for utility purposes. 6.1.1.2 Non-coniferous species 6.1.1.2.1 Clear-face cutting grades Timber that
