1、 Reference number ISO 15790:2004(E) ISO 2004INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15790 First edition 2004-01-15 Graphic technology and photography Certified reference materials for reflection and transmission metrology Documentation and procedures for use, including determination of combined standard uncertai
2、nty Technologie graphique et photographie Matriaux de rfrence certifis pour la mtrologie par rflexion et transmission Documentation et procdures utiliser, y compris la dtermination dune incertitude normale combine ISO 15790:2004(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In acco
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7、Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2004 All rights reservedISO 15790:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms, definitions
8、and symbols 1 3.1 Terms and definitions. 1 3.2 Symbols . 4 4 General guidelines for CRM application. 4 5 Required documentation for CRMs. 5 5.1 Identification of CRM 5 5.2 Reporting of CRM reference values 5 5.3 Traceability 5 5.4 Cautions for use 5 5.5 Care and handling of CRMs . 6 5.6 Use and proc
9、edures 6 6 Procedures related to the use of CRMs 6 6.1 Determination of combined standard uncertainty. 6 6.2 Computation of expanded uncertainty . 9 6.3 Calibration of a measurement system 9 7 Reporting measurement results and their uncertainty . 10 Annex A (informative) Characteristics of CRMs 12 A
10、nnex B (informative) Example of computation of combined standard uncertainty (with component sensitivities equally weighted) 13 Annex C (informative) Examples of computation of combined standard uncertainty (including weighting of component sensitivities) . 15 Bibliography . 19 ISO 15790:2004(E) iv
11、ISO 2004 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body intereste
12、d in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Com
13、mission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the techni
14、cal committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO sh
15、all not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 15790 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology. ISO 15790:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved vIntroduction The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), in ISO Guide 30 1 , defines
16、a certified reference material (CRM) as a “reference material, accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose property values are certified by a procedure which establishes traceability to an accurate realization of the unit in which the property values are expressed, and for which each certifie
17、d value is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level of confidence”. Thus, CRMs are well-characterized materials with values traceable to stated references (see 3.1.12). They may be used to calibrate or to determine the performance characteristics of measurement systems in order to facilitate
18、the exchange of data and to assist in quality control. Their use will help to assure the long-term adequacy and integrity of the measurement and quality control processes. Densitometers, colorimeters and spectrophotometers are widely used to make measurements for quality and process control in the g
19、raphic arts, photographic and other imaging industries. The intent of this International Standard is to establish documentation requirements that describe characteristics of reflection and transmission certified reference materials that may be used for verifying performance of these instruments. In
20、many areas (e.g. cyan, magenta, yellow colorants) there are no readily available reference materials that are traceable to international and national standards. This International Standard can still provide guidance in such circumstances by showing how to determine the reproducibility of the results
21、 of measurements, even in the absence of CRMs. Although the calibration reference materials provided with many reflection and transmission instruments used in graphic arts and photography are not identified as CRMs, they could often meet the requirements as such. Instrument manufacturers are encoura
22、ged to document the characteristics of their calibration materials as CRMs where appropriate. This International Standard describes practical procedures to determine values that represent components of the uncertainty of measurements for the graphic arts, photography and other image-technology indus
23、tries. A computational procedure is also provided to combine these components to determine “combined standard uncertainty” (see 3.1.3). A more rigorous and detailed approach is described in the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. Furthermore, general procedures are identified for
24、the use and maintenance of these certified reference materials. Through use of this International Standard, manufacturers of CRMs can provide consistent general- use information for the verification of measurement-system performance described above. This International Standard lists appropriate docu
25、mentation that should accompany CRMs, including the following: a) areas where a CRM is and is not applicable; b) physical characteristics of CRMs for density, colour values, uniformity, etc. (see Annex A); c) traceability of CRM values to stated reference; d) expected lifetime of a CRM; e) care and
26、storage of a CRM; f) general procedures on how to use a CRM. Other useful documents providing guidance in metrology and the uncertainty of measurement can be found in the Bibliography. This International Standard provides guidance and is a resource for manufacturers and users of CRMs. Using CRMs as
27、part of quality assurance activities is essential for verification and calibration of measurement systems and can increase confidence in data obtained from measurement instruments. It provides a useful tool in support of ISO 9001 15registration and ISO/IEC 17025 22accreditation by providing informat
28、ion relevant to graphic technology, photographic and other imaging industries. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15790:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 1Graphic technology and photography Certified reference materials for reflection and transmission metrology Documentation and procedures for use, inclu
29、ding determination of combined standard uncertainty 1 Scope This International Standard specifies the documentation requirements for certified reference materials (CRMs), procedures for the use of CRMs, and procedures for the computation and reporting of the combined standard uncertainty of reflecta
30、nce and transmittance measurement systems used in graphic arts, photographic and other imaging industries. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, t
31、he latest edition of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, published jointly by BIPM/IEC/IFCC/ISO/IUPAC/ IUPAP/OIML, 1995 3 Terms, definitions and symbols 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the foll
32、owing terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 calibration set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or values represented by a material measure or a reference material, and the corre
33、sponding values realized by standards adapted from International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology 2NOTE Contrary to a common misconception, calibration is not the process of adjusting a measurement system such that it produces values that are believed to be correct. Calibration per
34、mits either the assignment of values of measurands to the indications (creating a reference table) or the decision to reset or adjust the device. Following the resetting or adjusting of the device, a calibration is normally repeated to ensure that the new device setting(s) provide indications within
35、 the accepted ranges. 3.1.2 certified reference material CRM reference material, accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose property values are certified by a procedure which establishes traceability to an accurate realization of the unit in which the property values are expressed, and for w
36、hich each certified value is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level of confidence ISO Guide 30 1ISO 15790:2004(E) 2 ISO 2004 All rights reserved3.1.3 combined standard uncertainty u cstandard uncertainty of the result of a measurement when that result is obtained from the values of a number
37、 of other quantities, equal to the positive square root of a sum of terms, the terms being the variances or covariances of these other quantities weighted according to how the measurement result varies with changes in these quantities Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement 3.1.4 cover
38、age factor k numerical factor used as a multiplier of the combined standard uncertainty in order to obtain an expanded uncertainty Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement 3.1.5 CRM reference value value of the certified property of a CRM, reported in the documentation supplied with it
39、3.1.6 expanded uncertainty U quantity defining an interval about the result of a measurement that may be expected to encompass a large fraction of the distribution of values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement NOTE Expanded uncer
40、tainty is the product of the combined standard uncertainty, u c , and the chosen coverage factor, k. 3.1.7 experimental standard deviation s quantity characterizing the dispersion of the results for a series of n measurements of the same measurand and given by the following formula: 2 1 () 1 n i i x
41、x s= n = where n is the number of measurements; x is the arithmetic mean of the n results considered; x iis the result of the i th measurement. adapted from International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology 2NOTE According to ISO 3534-1:1993 7 , 2.34, the standard deviation is the pos
42、itive square root of the variance. 3.1.8 manufacturers calibration reference material physical device or material, certified or non-certified, supplied by the instrument manufacturer, which may be used to calibrate a specific instrument ISO 15790:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 33.1.9 measurand
43、 particular quantity subject to measurement International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology 2EXAMPLES Density, lightness, transmittance, and reflectance factor. 3.1.10 reference material material or substance one or more of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneous and well
44、 established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, for the assessment of a measurement method, or for assigning values to materials ISO Guide 30 13.1.11 reproducibility results of measurements closeness of the agreement between the results of measurements of the same measurand carried out
45、under changed conditions of measurement adapted from International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology 2NOTE Reproducibility is distinct from repeatability. Repeatability is the closeness of the agreement between the results of successive measurements of the same measurand carried out
46、 under the same conditions, e.g. using a single instrument, by the same observer, in the same location and in a short period of time. 3.1.12 traceability property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or internation
47、al standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons, all having stated uncertainties adapted from International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology 23.1.13 uncertainty of measurement parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the va
48、lues that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand adapted from International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology 2NOTE 1 For the purposes of this International Standard, each component of the uncertainty is assumed to have a normal distribution. The concepts and rules for case
49、s where this assumption may not be valid are considered in the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. NOTE 2 The result of a measurement is only an approximation or estimate of the value of the measurand and thus is complete only when accompanied by a statement of the uncertainty of that estimate (see 3.1.3 and 6.1.7). 3.1.14 uncertainty of CRM U CRMmeasurement uncertainty that is attributed to the reported value of a CRM in the certificate supplied with it, oft
