1、 Reference number ISO 15099:2003(E) ISO 2003INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15099 First edition 2003-11-15 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shading devices Detailed calculations Performance thermique des fentres, portes et stores Calculs dtaills ISO 15099:2003(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may
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6、ight office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2003 All rights reservedISO 15099:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iiiContents Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative refer
7、ences . 1 3 Symbols . 2 3.1 General. 2 3.2 Symbols and units 2 3.3 Subscripts 4 4 Determination of total window and door system properties 5 4.1 Thermal transmittance 5 4.2 Total solar energy transmittance 9 4.3 Visible transmittance 10 5 Vision area properties 10 5.1 Glazing layer optics 10 5.2 Gla
8、zing system optics 11 5.3 Vision area heat transfer 13 6 Frame effects. 20 6.1 Area and lineal thermal transmittance 20 6.2 Governing equations for calculating thermal transmittance 20 6.3 Geometric representation and meshing. 20 6.4 Solid materials. 23 6.5 Effective conductivity Glazing cavities 23
9、 6.6 Effective conductivity Unventilated frame cavities 23 6.7 Ventilated air cavities and grooves. 30 7 Shading devices 31 7.1 Definitions 31 7.2 Optical properties . 32 7.3 Slat type of shading 34 7.4 Ventilation 39 7.5 Total solar energy transmittance and thermal transmittance 50 8 Boundary condi
10、tions 50 8.1 General. 50 8.2 Reference boundary conditions 50 8.3 Convective heat transfer 51 8.4 Longwave radiation heat transfer . 55 8.5 Combined convective and radiative heat transfer. 58 8.6 Prescribed density of heat flow rate . 59 Annex A (informative) Solution technique for the multi-layer s
11、olar optical model . 60 Annex B (normative) Thermophysical fill gas property values . 62 Annex C (informative) Examples of calculated values for optical properties of slat type of shading devices . 64 Bibliography . 69 ISO 15099:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International
12、Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been esta
13、blished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardiza
14、tion. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for votin
15、g. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
16、patent rights. ISO 15099 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 163, Thermal performance and energy use in the built environment. ISO 15099:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved vIntroduction This International Standard describes a procedure for calculating indices of merit of many window and doo
17、r products. The method provided in this International Standard allows the user to determine total window and door product indices of merit, viz thermal transmittance, total solar energy transmittance and visible light transmittance. The procedures give the actual thermal performance of fenestration
18、products for use in building energy analysis and for the evaluation of products in specific building applications. These procedures can also be used to produce data to compare products by using the standardized boundary conditions given either in this International Standard or taken from the appropr
19、iate International or National Standards (e.g., ISO 12567-1, ISO 10292, ISO 9050). This International Standard is also intended as a reference document for the description of models used in computer programs for detailed calculation of the thermal and optical transmission properties of window and do
20、or systems. This International Standard gives detailed models for thermal and optical transmission in windows. These detailed models are necessary in many types of window to get agreement between calculations and tests. Traditionally, windows have been characterized by separately calculating the “da
21、rk” or “night-time” thermal transmittance and the solar energy transmittance through the fenestration system. The thermal transmittance without the effect of solar radiation is calculated using the procedures given in ISO 10292 (for the vision portion) and the total solar energy transmittance, witho
22、ut taking into account the actual temperatures of the various panes, is obtained using ISO 9050. These calculations require the use of reference conditions that are not representative of actual conditions. In this International Standard the energy balance equations are set up for every glazing layer
23、 taking into account the solar absorption and actual temperatures. From these energy balance equations, the temperatures of the individual layers and gaps are determined. This is the only standard that takes into account these complex interactions. This more detailed analysis provides results that c
24、an then be expressed as thermal transmittance and S -values and these values can differ from the results of simpler models. Individual indices of merit obtained using fixed reference boundary conditions are useful for comparing products. However, the approach taken is the only way of calculating the
25、 energy performance of window systems for other environmental conditions including those conditions that may be encountered during hot box measurements. Finally it must be emphasized that this International Standard is intended for use in computer programs. It was never intended as a “simplified cal
26、culation” procedure. Simplified methods are provided in other International Standards. It is essential that these programs produce consistent values and that they are based on a sound standard methodology. Although more complicated than the formulae used in the simplified standards, the formulae use
27、d in this International Standard are entirely appropriate for their intended use. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15099:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1Thermal performance of windows, doors and shading devices Detailed calculations 1 Scope This International Standard specifies detailed calculation
28、procedures for determining the thermal and optical transmission properties (e.g., thermal transmittance, total solar energy transmittance) of window and door systems based on the most up-to-date algorithms and methods, and the relevant solar and thermal properties of all components. Products covered
29、 by this International Standard include windows and doors incorporating: a) single and multiple glazed fenestration products with or without solar reflective, low-emissivity coatings and suspended plastic films; b) glazing systems with pane spacing of any width containing gases or mixtures of gases;
30、 c) metallic or non-metallic spacers; d) frames of any material and design; e) fenestration products tilted at any angle; f) shading devices; g) projecting products. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references
31、, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 7345, Thermal insulation Physical quantities and definitions ISO 8301, Thermal insulation Determination of steady-state thermal resistance and related prope
32、rties Heat flow meter apparatus ISO 8302, Thermal insulation Determination of steady-state thermal resistance and related properties Guarded hot plate apparatus ISO 9050, Glass in building Determination of light transmittance, solar direct transmittance, total solar energy transmittance, ultraviolet
33、 transmittance and related glazing factors ISO 9288, Thermal insulation Heat transfer by radiation Physical quantities and definitions ISO 9845-1, Solar energy Reference solar spectral irradiance at the ground at different receiving conditions Part 1: Direct normal and hemispherical solar irradiance
34、 for air mass 1,5 ISO 15099:2003(E) 2 ISO 2003 All rights reservedISO 10077-2:2003, Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters Calculation of thermal transmittance Part 2: Numerical method for frames ISO 10211-1, Thermal bridges in building construction Heat flows and surface temperatures, P
35、art 1: General calculation methods ISO/CIE 10526:1999, CIE standard Illuminants for colorimetry ISO/CIE 10527, CIE standard colorimetric observers ISO 12567-1, Thermal performance of windows and doors Determination of thermal transmittance by hot box method Part 1: Complete windows and doors EN 1289
36、8, Glass in building Determination of the emissivity 3 Symbols 3.1 General Symbols and units used are in accordance with ISO 7345 and ISO 9288. The terms, which are specific to this International Standard, are listed in Table 1. 3.2 Symbols and units Table 1 Terms with their symbols and units Symbol
37、 Term Unit A area m 2A iportion of absorbed solar energy by the ith glazing layer 1 A Raspect ratio 1 b width (breadth) of a groove or slit mm c pspecific heat capacity at constant pressure J/(kgK) d thickness m d gthickness of glazing cavity m E irradiance W/m 2E s () solar spectral irradiance func
38、tion (see ISO 9845-1) 1 E v () colorimetric illuminance (CIE D65 function in ISO/CIE 10526:1999) lx g acceleration due to gravity m/s 2 G parameter used in the calculation of convective heat transfer coefficients; see Equation (48) 1 h surface coefficient of heat transfer W/(m 2. K) H height of glaz
39、ing cavity m I total density of heat flow rate of incident solar radiation W/m 2() i I +() i I spectral heat flow rate of radiant solar energy between ithand i + 1th glazing layers travelling in the external ( + ) or internal ( ) direction W ISO 15099:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3Table 1 (c
40、ontinued) Symbol Term Unit J radiosity W/m 2l length m M molecular mass mole N number of glazings + 2 1 Nu Nusselt number 1 P pressure Pa q density of heat flow rate W/m 2r reflectance: portion of incident radiation reflected such that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence 1 R t
41、hermal resistance m 2 K/W R() photopic response of the eye (see ISO/CIE 10527) universal gas constant J/(kmolK) Ra Rayleigh number 1 Ra xRayleigh number based on length dimension x 1 S idensity of heat flow rate of absorbed solar radiation at ith glazing laver W/m 2t perplargest dimension of frame c
42、avity perpendicular to heat flow m T thermodynamic temperature K T itemperature drop across ith glazing cavity, T i= |T f,i T b,i+1 | K u air velocity near a surface m/s U thermal transmittance W/(m 2 K) v free-stream air speed near window, mean air velocity in a gap m/s x, y dimensions in a Cartesi
43、an co-ordinate system 1 Z pressure loss factor 1 absorption 1 thermal expansion coefficient of fill gas K 1 total hemispherical emissivity 1 angle temperature C Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5,669 3 10 8W/(m 2 K 4 ) thermal conductivity W/(mK) w wavelength m dynamic viscosity Pas density kg/m 3 transmi
44、ttance 1 S total solar energy transmittance: the portion of radiant solar energy incident on the projected area of a fenestration product or component that becomes heat gain in the internal conditioned space 1 parameter used in the calculation of viscosity and of thermal conductivity; see Equations
45、(62) and (67) 1 function used in the calculation of heat transfer; see Equation (112) 1 heat flow rate W linear thermal transmittance W/(mK) ISO 15099:2003(E) 4 ISO 2003 All rights reserved3.3 Subscripts The subscripts given in Table 2 shall be applied. Table 2 Subscripts and meanings Subscript Mean
46、ing ai air av average b backward bo bottom of a gap cc condition on the cold side cdv conduction/convection (unvented) cg centre of glass ch condition on the hot (warm) side cr critical cv convection de divider edge glass dif diffuse dir direct div divider eff effective eg edge of glass eq equivalen
47、t ex external f frame fr frame (using the alternative approach) ft front gv glass or vision portion ht hot hz horizontal i counter int internal inl inlet of a gap j counter m mean mix mixture n counter ne environmental (external) ni environmental (internal) out outlet of a gap p panel r radiation or
48、 radiant red reduced radiation s surface sc source sk sink sl solar t total tp top of a gap v number of gases in a gas mixture v vertical z at distance z perimeter 2D coupling ISO 15099:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 54 Determination of total window and door system properties 4.1 Thermal trans
49、mittance 4.1.1 General This International Standard presents procedures by which detailed computations can be used to determine the thermal transmission properties of various product components, which are then used to determine the thermal transmission properties of the total product. Where national standards allow, test procedures may be used to determine component and total product properties. The total properties for window and door p
