1、 Reference number ISO 14934-1:2010(E) ISO 2010INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14934-1 First edition 2010-06-15 Fire tests Calibration and use of heat flux meters Part 1: General principles Essais au feu talonnage et utilisation des appareils de mesure du flux thermique Partie 1: Principes gnraux ISO 1493
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6、ress below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2010 All rights reservedISO 14934-1:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights
7、reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and definitions .1 3.1 Primary definitions 2 3.2 Secondary definitions.4 4 Symbols5 5 Principles6 5.1 Principles of calibration6 5.2 Principles of measuring radiant heat flux.6 6 Description, selection and
8、use of heat flux meters .7 7 Uncertainty analysis8 7.1 Uncertainty sources in primary calibration 8 7.2 Uncertainty sources in secondary calibration .8 7.3 Uncertainty sources in making a regression of the calibration results 9 7.4 Uncertainty sources in using a heat flux meter .9 Annex A (informati
9、ve) Comparison of calibration methods.10 Annex B (informative) Uncertainty sources in connection with regression of the calibration results.11 Bibliography13 ISO 14934-1:2010(E) iv ISO 2010 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation
10、 of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
11、International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance wit
12、h the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approv
13、al by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 14934-1 was prepared by Technical Commit
14、tee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth. This first edition of ISO 14934-1 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 14934-1:2002, which has been technically revised. ISO 14934 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fire tests Calibration and use of heat flux me
15、ters: Part 1: General principles Part 2: Primary calibration methods Part 3: Secondary calibration method Part 4: Guidance on the use of heat flux meters in fire tests Technical Specification ISO 14934-1:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved vIntroduction In many fire test methods, the radiation leve
16、l is specified and therefore, it is of great importance that the radiant heat flux be well defined and measured with sufficient accuracy. Radiant heat transfer is also the dominant mode of heat transfer in most real fires. In practice, radiant heat flux is usually measured with so-called total heat
17、flux meters of the Schmidt-Boelter (thermopile) or Gardon (foil) type. It is important to realize that such meters always register a combined heat flux from radiation and convection. It is also important to realize that the total heat flux meters register the heat flux to a cooled surface which is n
18、ot the same level of heat flux that a non-cooled surface receives. Finally, the only heat transfer that is well defined is the incident radiant heat of the calibration situation in the black-body radiant sources used for primary calibration. This part of ISO 14934 gives the terms and definitions int
19、ended for use with the other parts, namely ISO 14934-2 (three primary methods for calibration of heat flux meters), ISO 14934-3 (conduct of secondary calibration) and ISO/TS 14934-4 (construction and use of different types of heat flux meters). INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14934-1:2010(E) ISO 2010 All
20、 rights reserved 1Fire tests Calibration and use of heat flux meters Part 1: General principles 1 Scope This part of ISO 14934 specifies the terms and definitions for the calibration and use of heat flux meters (see ISO 14934-2, ISO 14934-3 and ISO/TS 14934-4). It also describes the relationship bet
21、ween output voltage and total heat flux. It gives uncertainty components that are relevant for the calibration and use of heat flux meters (see Clause 7). This part of ISO 14934 does not contain the methods for the calibration of heat flux meters, which are covered in ISO 14934-2 and ISO 14934-3. 2
22、Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document and for the other parts of ISO 14934. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
23、applies. ISO 13943:2008, Fire safety Vocabulary ISO 14934-2, Fire tests Calibration and use of heat flux meters Part 2: Primary calibration methods ISO 14934-3, Fire tests Calibration and use of heat flux meters Part 3: Secondary calibration method ISO/TS 14934-4, Fire tests Calibration of heat flux
24、 meters Part 4: Guidance on the use of heat flux meters in fire tests ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995) ISO/IEC Guide 99, International vocabulary of metrology Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM)
25、ASTM E511, Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Copper-Constantan Circular Foil Heat-Flux Transducer ASTM E2683, Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Flush-Mounted Insert Temperature-Gradient Gages 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and
26、 definitions given in ISO 13943, ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 and ISO/IEC Guide 99 and the following apply. NOTE The definitions are listed as primary and secondary definitions. The secondary definitions are developed from the primary definitions. The definitions are listed according to the hierarchy of the c
27、oncepts. ISO 14934-1:2010(E) 2 ISO 2010 All rights reserved3.1 Primary definitions 3.1.1 radiation emission or transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves with the associated photons NOTE See Reference 1. 3.1.2 heat energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a differenc
28、e in temperature NOTE 1 See Reference 3. NOTE 2 Heat is expressed in joules. 3.1.3 heat transfer transfer of energy from one body or system to another as a result of a difference in temperature EXAMPLE Radiative heat transfer (3.2.1), convective heat transfer (3.2.2) or conductive heat transfer. NOT
29、E 1 The bodies can be a gas, liquid, solid body, or some combination. NOTE 2 Heat transfer is expressed in watts. NOTE 3 Adapted from definition of heat transfer contained in Reference 3. 3.1.4 convection transfer of heat by movement of a fluid ISO 13943:2008, definition 4.54 3.1.5 heat flux amount
30、of thermal energy emitted, transmitted or received per unit area and per unit time NOTE 1 Heat flux for fire testing purposes is expressed in watts per square metre. NOTE 2 Outside the fire testing field this definition is given as “heat flux density”. NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO 13943:2008, definition
31、4.173. 3.1.6 radiosity total of radiative heat flux emitted and radiative heat flux reflected leaving a surface when no radiative heat flux is transmitted NOTE 1 See Reference 4. NOTE 2 This definition is relevant to method 1 of ISO 14934-2. NOTE 3 Radiosity is expressed in watts per square metre. I
32、SO 14934-1:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 33.1.7 black-body radiation source ideal thermal radiation source which completely absorbs all incident heat radiation, whatever wavelength and direction NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 80000-7:2008. NOTE 2 A more physical definition of black body radiation so
33、urce is given in ISO 13943. 3.1.8 irradiance incident radiative heat flux arriving from all hemispherical directions NOTE Irradiance is expressed in watts per square metre. 3.1.9 emissivity ratio of the radiation emitted by a radiant source to the radiation that would be emitted by a black-body radi
34、ation source (3.1.7) at the same temperature NOTE Emissivity is dimensionless. ISO 13943:2008, definition 4.75 3.1.10 absorptivity ratio of the absorbed radiant heat flux to the incident radiative heat flux NOTE Absorptivity is dimensionless. 3.1.11 radiative intensity radiative heat flux per unit s
35、olid angle leaving a source in a given direction NOTE 1 Radiative intensity is expressed in watts per steradian. NOTE 2 See Reference 5. 3.1.12 heat flux meter instrument responding to incident radiative heat transfer, or convective heat transfer to a cooled surface, or both 3.1.13 radiometer heat f
36、lux meter responding to incident radiative heat flux only 3.1.14 total hemispherical radiometer radiometer equally sensitive to radiative intensity arriving from all directions above the sensing surface 3.1.15 total heat flux meter heat flux meter responding to both incident radiative heat transfer
37、and convective heat transfer to a cooled surface NOTE The expression “heat flux meter” without the denotation “total” is typically used only when it is not specified whether the instrument is a radiometer or a total heat flux meter. ISO 14934-1:2010(E) 4 ISO 2010 All rights reserved3.1.16 primary st
38、andard standard that is designated or widely acknowledged as having the highest metrological qualities and whose value is accepted without reference to other standards of the same quantity ISO/IEC Guide 99 3.1.17 secondary standard heat flux meter heat flux meter with a calibration traceable to a pr
39、imary standard, used only for calibration of working-standard heat flux meters 3.1.18 working-standard heat flux meter heat flux meter calibrated by reference to a secondary standard for subsequent use during the course of fire tests 3.1.19 sensing surface surface of the heat flux meter that detects
40、 the irradiance 3.1.20 sensitivity ratio of the output voltage to the measured quantity 3.1.21 Stefan-Boltzmann constant constant of proportionality in the expression in the Stefan-Boltzmann law for calculating the radiative heat flux from the absolute temperature NOTE 1 This constant is equal to 5,
41、670 400 10 8watts per square metre and per kelvin to the fourth power. NOTE 2 See Reference 2. 3.2 Secondary definitions 3.2.1 radiative heat transfer heat transfer by radiation NOTE Radiative heat transfer is expressed in watts. 3.2.2 convective heat transfer transfer of heat to a surface from a su
42、rrounding fluid by convection (3.1.4) NOTE The amount of heat transfer depends on the temperature difference between the fluid and the surface, the fluid properties and the fluid velocity and direction. 3.2.3 total heat transfer sum of the radiant heat transfer and the convective heat transfer 3.2.4
43、 incident heat radiation incoming radiative heat ISO 14934-1:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 53.2.5 absorbed heat radiation radiative heat absorbed by a surface 3.2.6 emitted heat radiation radiant heat emitted from a surface 3.2.7 net heat radiation difference between the absorbed heat radiati
44、on and the emitted heat radiation 3.2.8 radiative heat flux heat flux by radiative heat transfer NOTE 1 The adjectives radiative and radiant are interchangeable and both terms are used in ISO 14934 (all parts). NOTE 2 Radiosity (3.1.6) is a similar but not fully synonymous expression. NOTE 3 Radiant
45、 or radiative heat flux is expressed in watts per square metre. 3.2.9 convective heat flux heat flux by convective heat transfer NOTE Convective heat flux is expressed in watts per square metre. 3.2.10 total heat flux sum of net radiant heat flux and convective heat flux NOTE Total heat flux is expr
46、essed in watts per square metre. 4 Symbols tot q total heat flux to the sensing surface rad q heat radiation absorbed by the sensing surface emi q emitted heat radiation from the sensing surface con q convective heat transfer to the sensing surface T absolute ambient temperature absorptivity of the
47、sensing surface; the absorptivity and the emissivity of the sensing surface are assumed equal I radincident heat radiation as defined by the calibration method (see Clause 7); the view angle dependence for the method is included in the value T wabsolute temperature of the cooling water, which is ass
48、umed to also represent the temperature of the heat flux meter A 0 , A 1 , A 2constants to be determined by the calibration procedure in a best-fit procedure as described in Clause 7 ISO 14934-1:2010(E) 6 ISO 2010 All rights reservedU outoutput voltage signal s standard deviation number of degrees of
49、 freedom in the regression line model n number of radiation levels i y value from the regression model i y measured value for the level i x 5 Principles 5.1 Principles of calibration Heat flux meters for daily use in fire testing (working standard heat flux meters) may be calibrated according to either a primary calibration method or a secondary calibration method. Primary calibration shall be performed according to one of the three primary methods d
