1、 ISO 2014 Stationary source emissions Greenhouse gases Part 1: Calibration of automated measuring systems missions de sources fixes Gaz effet de serre Partie 1: talonnage des systmes de mesurage automatiques INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14385-1 First edition 2014-08-01 Reference number ISO 14385-1:201
2、4(E) ISO 14385-1:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
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4、tiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 14385-1:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Symbols and abbreviations . 5 4.1 Symbols . 5 4.2 Abbreviations . 6 5 Principle 6 5.1 Ge
5、neral . 6 5.2 Limitations 6 5.3 Measurement site and installation 7 5.4 Testing laboratories performing SRM measurements 8 6 Calibration and validation of the AMS 8 6.1 General . 8 6.2 Functional test . 8 6.3 Calibration and validation of multiple/complex measurement systems . 8 6.4 Parallel measure
6、ments with an SRM . 9 6.5 Procedure: calibration and validation of the AMS by means of parallel measurements .11 6.6 Report 18 7 Documentation 18 Annex A (normative) Functional test of AMS 19 Annex B (normative) Test of linearity 23 Annex C (normative) Documentation .25 Annex D (informative) Example
7、 of calculation of the calibration function .27 Annex E (informative) Pr oc edur e for the identification of outliers 30 Annex F (informative) Measurement uncertainty .34 Bibliography .35 ISO 14385-1:2014(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation
8、of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. I
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11、e www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the docu
12、ment will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms an
13、d expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee
14、SC 1, Stationary source emissions. ISO 14385 consists of the following parts, under the general title Stationary source emissions Greenhouse gases: Part 1: Calibration of automated measuring systems Part 2: Ongoing quality control of automated measuring systemsiv ISO 2014 All rights reserved ISO 143
15、85-1:2014(E) Introduction The measurement of greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane) in a framework of emission trading requires an equal and known quality of data. This part of ISO 14385 describes the quality assurance procedures for calibration and ongoing quality control
16、 needed to ensure that automated measuring systems (AMS) installed to measure emissions of greenhouse gases to air are capable of meeting the uncertainty requirements on measured values specified, e.g. by legislation, competent authorities, or in an emission trade scheme. ISO 2014 All rights reserve
17、d v Stationary source emissions Greenhouse gases Part 1: Calibration of automated measuring systems 1 Scope This part of ISO 14385 specifies the procedures for establishing quality assurance for automated measuring systems (AMS) installed on industrial plants for the determination of the concentrati
18、on of greenhouse gases in flue and waste gas and other flue gas parameters. This part of ISO 14385 specifies a procedure to calibrate the AMS and determine the variability of the measured values obtained by an AMS, which is suitable for the validation of an AMS following its installation. This part
19、of ISO 14385 is designed to be used after the AMS has been accepted according to the procedures specified in ISO 14956. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, on
20、ly the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 14385-2, Stationary source emissions Greenhouse gases Part 2: Ongoing quality control of automated measuring systems ISO 14956, Air quality Evaluation of the su
21、itability of a measurement procedure by comparison with a required measurement uncertainty 3 T erms an d definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 automated measuring system AMS measuring system permanently installed on site for continuous monitor
22、ing of emissions Note 1 to entry: An AMS is a method which is traceable to a reference method. Note 2 to entry: Apart from the analyser, an AMS includes facilities for taking samples (e.g. sample probe, sample gas lines, filters, flow meters, regulators, delivery pumps, blowers) and for sample condi
23、tioning (e.g. dust filter, water vapour removal devices, converters, diluters). This definition also includes testing and adjusting devices that are required for regular functional checks. 3.2 calibration function linear relationship between the values of the SRM and the AMS with the assumption of a
24、 constant residual standard deviation 3.3 calibration gas gas of known composition that can be used to check the response of the AMS INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 14385-1:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1 ISO 14385-1:2014(E) 3.4 competent authority organization or organizations which implement th
25、e requirements of legislation and regulate installations which must comply with the requirements of legislation 3.5 c on f idenc e in te r val interval estimator (T 1 , T 2 ) for the parameter with the statistics T 1and T 2as interval limits and for which it holds that PT 1 T 2 1 Note 1 to entry: Th
26、e two-sided 95 % confidence interval of a normal distribution is illustrated in Figure 1, where T 1= 1,96 0is the lower 95 % confidence limit; T 2= + 1,96 0 is the upper 95 % confidence limit; I = T 2 T 1= 2 1,96 0 is the length of the 95 % confidence interval; 0= I / (2 1,96) is the standard deviat
27、ion associated with a 95 % confidence interval; n is the number of observed values; f is the frequency; m is the measured value. Fig u re 1 I l lu s t r at ion of t he 95 % c on f idenc e in te r val of a nor m a l d i s t r ibu t ion Note 2 to entry: In this part of ISO 14385, the standard deviatio
28、n, 0,is estimated by parallel measurements with an SRM. It is assumed that the requirement for 0 , presented in terms of an allowable uncertainty budget, i.e. variability is provided by the regulators. In the procedures of this part of ISO 14385, the premise is that the required variability is given
29、 as 0itself, or as a quarter of the length of the full 95 % confidence interval. SOURCE: ISO 3534-1:2006, 1.28, modified: Figure 1 has been added. Notes 1 and 2 are different. 3.6 drift monotonic change of the calibration function over stated maintenance interval, which results in a change of the me
30、asured value 3.7 extractive AMS AMS having the detection unit physically separated from the gas stream by means of a sampling system2 ISO 2014 All rights reserved ISO 14385-1:2014(E) 3.8 in-situ AMS AMS having the detection unit in the gas stream, or in a part of it 3.9 instrument reading indication
31、 of the measured value directly provided by the AMS without using the calibration function 3.10 legislation directives, acts, ordinances, and regulations 3.11 low-level cluster cluster of measurement values less than the maximum permissible uncertainty and between 0 % and 15 % of the lowest measurin
32、g range 3.12 measurand particular quantity subject to measurement 5 3.13 measured component constituent of the waste gas for which a defined measurand is to be determined by measurement 3.14 measured value estimated value of the measurand derived from an output signal Note 1 to entry: This usually i
33、nvolves calculations related to the calibration process and conversion to required quantities Note 2 to entry: A measured value is a short-term average. The averaging time can be, e.g. 10 min, 30 min, or 1 h. 3.15 period of unattended operation maximum admissible interval of time for which the perfo
34、rmance characteristics will remain within a predefined range without external servicing, e.g. refill, calibration, adjustment Note 1 to entry: This is also known as the maintenance interval. 3.16 peripheral parameter specified physical or chemical quantity which is needed for conversion of the AMS m
35、easured value to standard conditions 3.17 peripheral AMS AMS used to gather the data required to convert the AMS measured value to standard conditions Note 1 to entry: A peripheral AMS is used to measure water vapour, temperature, pressure, and oxygen. 3.18 peripheral SRM SRM used to gather the data
36、 required to convert the SRM measured values to AMS or standard conditions Note 1 to entry: A peripheral SRM is used to measure water vapour, temperature, pressure, and oxygen. 3.19 precision closeness of agreement of results obtained from the AMS for successive zero readings and successive span rea
37、dings at defined time intervals ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3 ISO 14385-1:2014(E) 3.20 reference material substance or mixture of substances with a known concentration within specified limits, or a device of known characteristics Note 1 to entry: Normally used are calibration gases, gas cells, grat
38、ings, or filters. 3.21 response time t90 time interval between the instance of a sudden change in the value of the input quantity to an AMS and the time as from which the value of the output quantity is reliably maintained above 90 % of the correct value of the input quantity Note 1 to entry: The re
39、sponse time is also referred to as the 90 % time. 3.22 span reading instrument reading of the AMS for a simulation of the input parameter at a fixed elevated concentration. This simulation should test as much as possible all the measuring elements of the system, which contribute significantly to its
40、 performance. Note 1 to entry: The span reading is approximately 80 % of the measured range. 3.23 standard conditions conditions as given in legislation to which measured values have to be standardized 3.24 standard deviation positive square root of the mean squared deviation from the arithmetic mea
41、n, divided by the degrees of freedom Note 1 to entry: The number of degrees of freedom is the number of measurements minus 1. 3.25 Standard Reference Method SRM method described and standardised to define a measurand, temporarily conducted on site for verification purposes Note 1 to entry: Also know
42、n as a reference method. 3.26 uncertainty parameter associated with the result of a measurement that characterises the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand 5 3.27 variability standard deviation of the differences of parallel measurements between the SRM and A
43、MS 3.28 zero reading instrument reading of the AMS on simulation of the input parameter at zero concentration, which shall test as much as possible all the measuring elements of the AMS, that contribute significantly to its performance4 ISO 2014 All rights reserved ISO 14385-1:2014(E) 4 Symbols and
44、abbreviations 4.1 Symbols a intercept of the calibration function best estimate of a b slope of the calibration function b best estimate of b D i difference between SRM value y iand calibrated AMS measured value i D average of D i E maximum value of measuring range k v test value for variability (ba
45、sed on a 2 -test, with a -value of 50 %, for N numbers of paired measure- ments) N number of paired samples in parallel measurements standard deviation of the differences D iin parallel measurements t 0,95;N1 value of the t distribution for a significance level of 95 % and a number of degrees of fre
46、edom of N 1 u inst uncertainty due to instability (expressed as a standard deviation) u temp uncertainty due to influence of temperature (expressed as a standard deviation) u pres uncertainty due to influence of pressure (expressed as a standard deviation) u volt uncertainty due to influence of volt
47、age (expressed as a standard deviation) u others any other uncertainty that can influence the zero and span reading (expressed as a standard devia- tion) x i i thmeasured signal obtained with the AMS at AMS measuring conditions x average of AMS measured signals x i y i i thmeasured value obtained wi
48、th the SRM y average of the SRM measured values y i y i,s SRM measured value y iat standard conditions y s,min lowest SRM measured value at standard conditions y s,max highest SRM measured value at standard conditions i best estimate for the “true value”, calculated from the AMS measured signal x ib
49、y means of the cali- bration function i,s best estimate for the “true value”, calculated from the AMS measured signal x iat standard conditions s,max best estimate for the “true value”, calculated from the maximum value of the AMS measured signals x iat standard conditions Z offset (the difference between the AMS zero reading and the zero) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 5 ISO 14385-1:2014(E) s AMS standard deviation of the AMS used in ongoing quality control si
