1、 ISO 2012 Motorcycles Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles Part 6: Full-scale impact-test procedures Amendment 1: MATD test helmet Motocycles Mthodes dessai et danalyse de lvaluation par la recherche des dispositifs, monts sur l
2、es motocycles, visant la protection des motocyclistes contre les collisions Partie 6: Mthodes dessai de choc en vraie grandeur Amendement 1: Casque dessai MATD INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13232-6 Second edition 2005-12-15 Reference number ISO 13232-6:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) AMENDMENT 1 2012-07-15 ISO 1323
3、2-6:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) ii ISO 2012 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without
4、 permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 13232-6:2005/Amd.1
5、:2012(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
6、which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on al
7、l matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
8、circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held res
9、ponsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Amendment 1 to ISO 13232-6:2005 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 22, Motorcycles. ISO 2012 All rights reserved iii Motorcycles Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash prot
10、ective devices fitted to motorcycles Part 6: Full-scale impact-test procedures Amendment 1: MATD test helmet Global changes Add consequential amendments to this and other parts of ISO 13232, as needed. Page 5, 4.3.7 Replace subclause 4.3.7 with the following text: 4.3.7 Helmet The dummy shall be fit
11、ted with a MATD helmetspecified in ISO 13232-3, according to the procedures described in Annex D. The MATD helmet shall be new (i.e., the MATD helmet shall not be used for more than one test). Helmets of the same size and from the same production lot should be used for all tests within a paired comp
12、arison 2) . In footnote 2), replace “Bieffe” with “the manufacturer”. Page 27, D.2 In the second paragraph, replace the first sentence with the following: “If helmets other than the specified Bieffe are used, the alignment tool may require modification for use with some helmets.” Page 37, F.2.2.6 Re
13、place subclause F.2.2.6 with the following text and renumber subsequent figures and tables in Annex F: F.2.2.6 Helmet (see 4.3.7) A full face motorcycle helmet is used for two reasons. Firstly, this style of helmet represents approximately 85 % of those manufactured worldwide. Secondly, the provisio
14、n of protective coverage to the mouth and chin region of the modified Hybrid III head form described in ISO 13232-3 eliminates concern that this part of the head form is not particularly biofidelic. The distributed loading to the dummy face that is induced by the helmet minimizes inappropriate conta
15、ct phenomena. In the 1996 and 2005 editions of ISO 13232, a Bieffe B12R helmet was specified as the test helmet. During the 1990s, the Bieffe model B12R helmet was a widely available full face motorcycle helmet and was specified as the test helmet for all ISO 13232 procedures. The Bieffe B12R shell
16、was injection moulded with polycarbonate. The helmet liner was produced from expanded polystyrene bead foam with a density of 52 kg/m 3to 56 kg/m 3 . ISO 13232-6:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1 ISO 13232-6:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) The Bieffe B12R was produced by Bieffe Helmets S.r.l., Lu
17、cca, Italy; however, in 2004 this company ceased to exist and all assets were transferred to Tecnoplast S.r.l., Italy. Production of the Bieffe B12R was discontinued at all facilities except at a subsidiary of Tecnoplast known as Starplast Indstria E Comrcio Limitada, located in Brazil. This factory
18、 continued to produce the same helmet and sold them to motorcycle helmet distributors in Brazil. The helmet manufactured in Brazil was no longer tested nor certified to ECE Regulation 22-05; however, the design specifications for this helmet had not changed significantly since the original B12R helm
19、et was developed. At the time of the drafting of this standard, ECE Regulation 22-05 was the most widely applied international regulation for motorcycle helmets. However, as seen in Table F.1, the application of a typical international motorcycle standard (e.g., ECE 22-05, Snell, DOT, etc.) as a spe
20、cification would be inadequate due to the wide range in performance of different helmet models that meet the same standard. A performance specification should be based on the performance characteristics of the Bieffe B12R helmet in order to allow for comparisons to tests that have been previously co
21、nducted using the B12R helmet and to allow continuity in the application of ISO 13232. At the present time, test data presented in ISO 13232-3, that for a given impact velocity at a given impact site, the variation in response of the MATD helmet is approximately 15 g. This is due to differences is h
22、elmet liner mass and small differences in helmet placement during the test procedure. As of 2007, the price of the Technoplast equivalent of the Bieffe B12R helmet is approximately 320USD. If the performance range were to be reduced from 15 g, it is expected that the associated helmet cost would inc
23、rease exponentially as shown in Figure 1. Similarly, if the desired ISO 13232 performance range were increased (i.e. 20 g), the associated helmet cost would decrease because it would be possible to find other less expensive helmets that would also meet this performance specification (see Figure F.1)
24、. However, a secondary problem that would occur as a result of increasing the performance range is the probability of making a Type II error. This is a situation where the researcher makes the assumption that the helmet that he is using is not statistically significantly different from a MATD helmet
25、 when in reality it is statistically significantly different from the performance of a MATD helmet. The probability of committing a Type II error (symbolized as ) is related to the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis (H 0 ) when it is false: P(rejecting H 0 given that it is false) = 1 The pro
26、bability of rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it is false is generally referred to as the power of a statistical test. Power is calculated by the following equation: power PZ z n / () ) 2 10 where Z is a random variable that has a standard normal distribution; z is a specific value in the Z
27、 distribution with a probability equal to /2 or 0,025 for a two-tailed test; n represents the number of samples tested; 1and 0represent the alternative value of the distribution mean and the hypothesized value of the distribution mean, respectively; represents the standard deviation of the distribut
28、ion. If the data from Table F.1 is assumed to be representative of the distribution of helmet performance for a given impact test, the power of a test in which the mean values of the actual distribution and the hypothetical distribution differ by a given value X may be calculated. Furthermore, the p
29、robability of making a Type II error as a function of the difference between the actual mean and the hypothetical mean may also be computed. In simple terms, if the distribution of the data in Table F.1 is used as an example, it is possible to estimate the probability of making a Type II error (i.e.
30、, estimating the probability of making the false decision that there is no difference between a MATD helmet and the selected test helmet when in reality there is a difference). This probability is presented in Figure F.1 and is presented relative to the estimated cost of producing test helmets with
31、a given performance difference relative to the MATD helmet. 2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO 13232-6:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) As can be seen in the graph presented in Figure F.1, as the difference in performance relative to the MATD helmet increases (i.e. the difference in peak gs between the selected t
32、est helmet and the MATD helmet becomes greater), the costs decrease but the probability of committing a Type II error increases. The data shows that when the difference between the selected test helmet and a MATD helmet is approximately 20 gs, the helmet may only cost 225USD but the probability of m
33、aking a Type II error is 90 %. This means that there is a significant probability that different conclusions may be reached about the benefit of a given protective device when there is a large difference in helmet performance. This is in conflict with the original goal of ISO 13232, which was to dev
34、elop a common test methodology so that data collected by different researchers may be compared and evaluated. In order to develop an appropriate performance specification, a proper balance must be found between the acceptable performance difference between helmets, helmet cost and the probability of
35、 making a Type II error. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 123456789 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Difference between test helmet and Bieffe B12R (gs) Helmet cost ($USD) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Probability of Type II error He
36、lmet Cost P (Type II Error) Figure F.1 - Comparison of helmet cost and probability of making a Type II error To illustrate this situation, a series of identical test configuration simulations were performed with three different helmets fitted to the MATD; a helmet with a soft energy absorbing liner,
37、 a helmet with a hard energy absorbing liner and an existing MATD helmet. Helmet liner stiffness was modified by adjusting the force-deflection curve of the existing B12 helmet configuration. This adjustment would be similar to selecting three different helmets for a given full-scale crash test or s
38、imulation. The selected computer simulation configuration was 412 0/45 and for each simulation, the normalized injury cost (IC norm) was computed for two simulation conditions: a baseline configuration and a configuration in which a protective device (leg protection) was added to the motorcycle. The
39、 normalized injury cost data for baseline and protective device tests using the three different helmets is illustrated in Figure F.2. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3 ISO 13232-6:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 IC norm value Simulation Configuration 412 0/45 Soft Helmet Baseline Soft
40、Helmet PD Hard Helmet Baseline Hard Helmet PD Bieffe B12 Baseline Bieffe B12 PD Figure F.2 ICnorm cost for the computer simulation of the 412 0/45 test configuration using various helmets The data indicates that depending upon which helmet was selected for the computer simulation (or the full- scale
41、 crash test), the IC norm cost may be above or below the baseline test condition. For example, if the soft helmet was selected, the IC norm cost for the protective device configuration would be above the cost of the baseline condition. Conversely, if a hard helmet had been selected, the IC norm cost
42、 of the protective device configuration would be below the IC norm cost of the baseline test condition. This example shows that using test helmets that are different from the MATD helmet may result in different interpretations of identical test configurations. For this reason, it is recommended that
43、 a helmet equivalent to the former Bieffe B12 helmet continue to be specified in ISO 13232 and that it be designated as a specific MATD part. 4 ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO 13232-6:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) Table F.2 Helmet impact test results (source: Motorcyclist Magazine, December 2005) Manufacturer
44、 Model Material Certifi- cation Left Front 2,13m drop onto flat pavement (peak g) Right Front 3,05m drop onto flat pavement (peak g) Left Rear 2,13m drop onto flat pavement (peak g) Right Rear 2,13m drop onto edge anvil (peak g) Zir ZRP-1 Polycarbo- nate DOT 148 176 153 130 Fulmer AFD4 Polycarbo- na
45、te DOT 152 173 175 130 Pep Boys Raider Polycarbo- nate DOT 163 199 185 152 AGV Ti-Tech Fibreglass DOT, BSI 156 199 195 129 Suomy Spec 1R Fibreglass BSI 192 215 197 126 Schuberth S-1 Fibreglass ECE 22-05, DOT 151 180 176 137 Suomy Spec 1R Fibreglass ECE 22-05, DOT 156 200 190 140 Shark RSX Fibreglass
46、 ECE 22-05, DOT 166 187 201 141 Vemar VSR Fibreglass ECE 22-05, DOT 171 198 166 162 Icon Mainframe Polycarbo- nate Snell 2000, DOT 168 217 189 152 Icon Alliance Fibreglass Snell 2000, DOT 179 200 179 175 Scorpion EXO-400 Polycarbo- nate Snell 2000, DOT 185 212 193 158 AGV X-R2 Fibreglass Snell 2000,
47、 DOT 192 226 166 167 Arai Tracker GT Fibreglass Snell 2000, DOT 193 243 203 166 HJC AC-11 Fibreglass Snell 2000, DOT 195 230 231 163 Scorpion EXO-700 Fibreglass Snell 2000, DOT 207 236 226 176Mean values 173,4 205,7 189,1 150,3 Std deviation 18,7 21,2 20,7 17,1Min. peak g 148 173 153 126 Max. peak g 207 243 231 176 Range 59 70 78 50 ISO 2012 All rights reserved 5ISO 13232-6:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved ICS 43.140 Price based on 5 pages
