1、 ISO 2014 Plastics Plastic railway sleepers for railway applications (railroad ties) Part 1: Material characteristics Plastiques Traverses en plastique pour les applications ferroviaires (traverses de voie ferre) Partie 1: Proprits des matriaux INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12856-1 First edition 2014-0
2、3-15 Reference number ISO 12856-1:2014(E) ISO 12856-1:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanica
3、l, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
4、Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 12856-1:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Characteristics 2 3.1 Material identification 2 3.2 Chemical resistance 2 3.3 Ph
5、ysical, mechanical, and electrical characteristics . 2 3.4 Weathering resistance 3 4 Test methods . 3 4.1 General . 3 4.2 Bending strength and flexural modulus 4 4.3 Longitudinal compressive strength 4 4.4 Lateral compressive strength . 4 4.5 Shear strength . 5 4.6 Adhesive shear strength . 7 4.7 Al
6、ternating-current breakdown voltage . 9 4.8 Direct-current insulation resistance .11 4.9 Water absorption .14 4.10 Mass density .14 4.11 Linear expansion coefficient 14 4.12 Flame resistance .15 4.13 Weathering resistance .15 4.14 Sleeper dimensions 17 5 Inspection .18 Annex A (normative) Methodolog
7、y for assessing material ageing 19 Annex B (informative) Examples of typical sleepers 26 Bibliography .29 ISO 12856-1:2014(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Internatio
8、nal Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO
9、, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Par
10、t 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the
11、elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations rec
12、eived (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs
13、adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 11, Products. ISO 12856 consists of the following parts, under the general title Pl
14、astics Plastic railway sleepers for railway applications (railroad ties): Part 1: Material characteristics The following parts are planned: Part 2: Productsiv ISO 2014 All rights reserved ISO 12856-1:2014(E) Introduction Railway sleepers are manufactured mainly of pre-stressed concrete, wood, or ste
15、el. However, based on the development of plastic materials, some plastic sleepers have been installed in recent years. In view of the facts that the types of plastics and manufacturing processes can have various effects on the in-service performance, this part of ISO 12856 covers the general charact
16、eristics of materials which plastic/composite sleepers are made from, in order to specify their performance. This part of ISO 12856 will be used in conjunction with ISO 12856-2 to be developed in the foreseeable future. This part of ISO 12856 applies to sleepers made from plastic materials, includin
17、g reinforced plastic materials. ISO 2014 All rights reserved v Plastics Plastic railway sleepers for railway applications (railroad ties) Part 1: Material characteristics 1 Scope This part of ISO 12856 specifies the characteristics of plastic and reinforced plastic materials to be used in the manufa
18、cturing of railway sleepers. It is applicable to the sleepers and parts of sleepers to be installed in tracks with or without ballast. Examples of different types of plastic and reinforced sleepers are given in Annex B. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normati
19、vely referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 62, Plastics Determination of water absorption ISO 75 (all p
20、arts), Plastics Determination of temperature of deflection under load ISO 178, Plastics Determination of flexural properties ISO 291, Plastics Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing ISO 306, Plastics Thermoplastic materials Determination of Vicat softening temperature (VST) ISO 527-2, Pla
21、stics Determination of tensile properties Part 2: Test conditions for moulding and extrusion plastics ISO 527-4, Plastics Determination of tensile properties Part 4: Test conditions for isotropic and orthotropic fibre-reinforced plastic composites ISO 604, Plastics Determination of compressive prope
22、rties ISO 877-1:2009, Plastics Methods of exposure to solar radiation Part 1: General guidance ISO 877-2:2009, Plastics Methods of exposure to solar radiation Part 2: Direct weathering and exposure behind window glass ISO 1183-1, Plastics Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics
23、Part 1: Immersion method, liquid pyknometer method and titration method ISO 2578, Plastics Determination of time-temperature limits after prolonged exposure to heat ISO 3611, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Dimensional measuring equipment: Micrometers for external measurements Design and me
24、trological characteristics ISO 4892-2, Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps ISO 4892-4, Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources Part 4: Open-flame carbon-arc lamps INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 12856-1:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1
25、ISO 12856-1:2014(E) ISO 8256, Plastics Determination of tensile-impact strength ISO 10640, Plastics Methodology for assessing polymer photoageing by FTIR and UV/visible spectroscopy ISO 11357-2, Plastics Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) Part 2: Determination of glass transition temperature an
26、d glass transition step height ISO 11357-6, Plastics Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) Part 6: Determination of oxidation induction time (isothermal OIT) and oxidation induction temperature (dynamic OIT) ISO 11359-2, Plastics Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) Part 2: Determination of coefficient
27、 of linear thermal expansion and glass transition temperature ISO 13385-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Dimensional measuring equipment Part 1: Callipers; Design and metrological characteristics ISO 13385-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Dimensional measuring equipment Part 2:
28、 Calliper depth gauges; Design and metrological characteristics ISO 14125, Fibre-reinforced plastic composites Determination of flexural properties ISO/TR 19032, Plastics Use of polyethylene reference specimens (PERS) for monitoring laboratory and outdoor weathering conditions IEC 60695-11-20:2003,
29、Fire hazard testing Part 11-20: Test flames 500 W flame test methods 3 Characteristics 3.1 Mat erial identifica tion The manufacturer shall declare the following information: a) type of polymer(s), e.g. thermoplastic or thermosetting, including the main additives and the materials constituting compo
30、site matrix, if any; b) type, form, structure, and content of reinforcing materials; c) type, form, and content of filler or increasing-mass materials, if any; d) description of the manufacturing process. 3.2 Chemical resistance The material shall not be adversely affected by exposure to chemicals t
31、ypically found in the railway environment, such as diesel and grease. Chemical compatibility can be demonstrated either by test results or it can be documented. 3.3 Physical, mechanical, and electrical characteristics The physical, mechanical, and electrical characteristics of materials are listed i
32、n Tables 1 and 2. The relevance of assessment on characteristics shall be agreed on between the interested parties. Some of the tests might not be applicable for anisotropic sleepers or sleepers with specific reinforced material. Examples of typical plastic sleeper properties are given in Annex B.2
33、ISO 2014 All rights reserved ISO 12856-1:2014(E) Table 1 Physical, mechanical, and electrical characteristics Characteristic Unit Test method Material strength Bending strength MPa 4.2 Flexural modulus MPa Longitudinal compression strength N/mm 2 4.3 Lateral compression strength N/mm 2 4.4 Shear str
34、ength N/mm 2 4.5 Adhesive shear strength N/mm 2 4.6 Electrical characteristic Alternating-current breakdown voltage kV 4.7 Direct-current insulation resistance 4.8 Water absorption % a 4.9 Mass density g/cm 3 4.10 Linear expansion coefficient K 1 4.11 aPercentage expressed in mass fraction. Table 2
35、Temperature-dependent mechanical properties Characteristic Unit Test conditions Test method Material strength Bending strength % a In air for 24 h Test temperatures b : 30 C and 60 C 4.2 Flexural modulus % a Longitudinal com- pression strength % a 4.3 Shear strength % a 4.5 aPercentages indicate the
36、 strength retention in comparison with the values determined at an ambient temperature. bTest temperatures can vary in the conditions where sleepers are used (tunnels, extreme weather conditions, excessively exposed locations). 3.4 Weathering resistance The sleeper shall be designed to guarantee tha
37、t at the end of its service life, the load-bearing capacities are sufficient for service even in case of the losses of strength due to weathering. The requirements for the weathering resistance of the materials shall be agreed on between the interested parties. The weathering resistance shall be dem
38、onstrated either by a documented and substantially proven experience or by assessing the properties in accordance with 4.13.1 or 4.13.2, as applicable. 4 Test methods 4.1 General 4.1.1 Preparation of test specimens There shall be no damage or faults on the surface of the test specimens in order to p
39、revent notch effects. If there are burrs, they shall be carefully removed without damaging the surface. If necessary, the edges of the surfaces of the test specimens shall be finished using sandpaper. ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3 ISO 12856-1:2014(E) 4.1.2 Test conditions Unless otherwise specified
40、 in a separate clause, the test shall be carried out in one of the standard atmospheres specified in ISO 291 after the test specimens are conditioned in the same atmosphere for at least 24 h. 4.1.3 Tolerance of test specimens For each test method, the dimensions of the test specimens should be given
41、 with tolerances. The nominal dimension shall be 1 mm. 4.2 Bending str ength and fle x ur al modulus The test shall be conducted at (23 5) C using the following method. The longitudinal direction of the test specimen shall be parallel to the supports and vertical to the load direction. A steel plate
42、 of dimensions 3 mm 50 mm 50 mm shall be placed on the test specimen and positioned in the middle between the supports. The dimensions of the test specimen shall be: length: (240 2) mm, width: (50 1) mm, thickness: (20 1) mm, and the span between supports shall be 160 mm to 200 mm. The concentrated
43、load shall be applied in the middle of the span. The average loading speed (stress) shall be less than 15 N/mm 2per minute. The support shall be robust enough and have sufficient area to touch the test specimen. Both supports shall be located on the same distances from the centre of the test specime
44、n in the longitudinal direction. The other details of test arrangements shall refer to ISO 178. 4.3 Longitudinal compressive strength The longitudinal compressive strength test shall be conducted at (23 5) C and using the following method. The dimensions of the test specimen shall be: length: (40 2)
45、 mm, width: (20 0,5) mm, thickness: (20 0,5) mm. The longitudinal direction of the test specimen is corresponding to the longitudinal direction of the sleeper. The loading direction shall be parallel to the longitudinal direction of the test specimen. The loading pressure shall be applied to the tes
46、t specimen where the specimen is located between two flat steel plates. The average loading speed (stress) shall be less than 15 N/mm 2per minute. The other details of test arrangements shall be referred to ISO 604. 4.4 Lateral compressive strength The lateral compressive strength test shall be cond
47、ucted at (23 5) C using the following method.4 ISO 2014 All rights reserved ISO 12856-1:2014(E) The test specimen shall be cut with a length between 500 mm and 700 mm and a width 200 mm and thickness 100 mm. The loading direction shall be vertical to the longitudinal direction of test specimen. The
48、loading pressure shall be applied to the test specimen using the flat steel plates both on its top and bottom sides. The average loading speed (stress) shall be less than 15 N/mm 2per minute. The other details of test arrangements shall be referred to ISO 604. 4.5 Shear strength The shear strength t
49、est shall be conducted at (23 5) C using the following method. The loading pressure shall be parallel to the longitudinal direction of test specimen. The loading pressure shall be applied by the method illustrated in Figure 1. The average loading speed (stress) shall be less than 5,88 N/mm 2per minute. The rectangular test specimen with dimensions 40 mm 50 mm 52 mm shall be prepared with a cut portion o
