1、I NT E R NAT I ON AL STANDARD IS0 121 99 First edition 2000-08-01 Alphabetical ordering of multilingual terminological and lexicographical data represented in the Latin alphabet Mise en ordre alphabtique des donnes lexicographiques et terminologiques multilingues reprsentes dans lalphabet latin Tlii
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3、aw ofthe country ofuce, or with the prior written consent of IS0 (Case postale 56,121 1 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Fax +41 22 734 10 79), IHS or the IS0 Licensors iiieiiibers. Reference number IS0 121 99:2000( E) 0 IS0 2000 . . . 1SO 121 99:20(E) I PDF disclaimer This PDF fife may contain embedded type
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8、56 CH-121 1 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 O1 11 Fax + 41 22 749 O9 47 E-mail copyrightOko.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland O IS0 2000 - All rights resewed ST3.ISO 12ii-ENGL 2000 E 4851403 083b58 WU W IS0 121 99:2000( E) Contents Page Foreword . iv Introduction . v 1 2 3 4 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.
9、2 7 7.1 7.2 8 8.1 8.2 Scope . 1 Normative references . 1 Terms and definitions 2 Preparatory procedures . 2 First ordering level . 3 First-ordering-level values . 3 First-ordering-level sequence . 3 Equivalence between special Latin letters and basic letters . 4 Second ordering level 4 Second-orderi
10、ng-level values . 4 Special Latin letters and letters with diacritical marks 4 Third ordering level . . 6 Third-ordering-level values . 6 Ordering according to capitalization 6 Fourth ordering level 6 Fourth-ordering-level values . 6 Ordering according to special characters . 6 Annex A (normative) W
11、ord-by-word ordering 7 Annex B (informative) Special rules for lexicographical and terminological ordering 9 Annex C (informative) Ordering rules for chemical names . 10 Annex D (informative) Character repertoire of the Latin alphabet . 12 Annex E (informative) Languages using the Latin alphabet . 1
12、9 Annex F (informative) Alphabetical sequences and character repertoires . 22 Annex G (normative) Formal description of the rules of the main body of this International Standard . 32 Bibliography 38 O IS0 2000 -All rights reserved iii sSTDmISO 12199-ENGL 201313 m. rASiqO3 0838L559 827 IS0 12199:2000
13、(E) Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in.a subject for which
14、 a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all mat
15、ters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standa
16、rd requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. IS0 shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Internationa
17、l Standard IS0 121 99 was prepared by Technical Committee ISOTTC 37, Terminology (principles and coordination), Subcommittee SC 2, Layout of vocabularies. it complements other International Standards prepared by ISOTTC 37, such as IS0 10241 :1992, lnternational terminology standards - Preparation an
18、d layout and IS0 12200: 1 999, Computer applications in terminology - Machine-readable terminology interchange format (MA RTIF) - Negotiated interchange. Annexes A and G form a normative pari of this International Standard. Annexes B to F are for information only. iv Q IS0 2000 -All rights resewed I
19、S0 121 99:2000(E) Introduction In the development of international terminologies, both in printed form and in databases, it is essential to have uniform and internationally recognized rules for the alphabetical ordering of terminological and lexicographical data, to make these terminologies more eas
20、ily accessible for the users. In addition, it will facilitate the interchange of terminological and lexicographical data. O IS0 2000 - All rights reserved V INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 121 99:2000( E) Alphabetical ordering of multilingual terminological and lexicographical data represented in the Lat
21、in alphabet 1 Scope This International Standard specifies the sequence of characters to be used in the alphabetical ordering of multilingual terminological and lexicographical data (terms, term elements, or words) represented in the Latin alphabet. Character sets of languages represented in the Lati
22、n alphabet are taken into account insofar as terminological or lexicographical data have been recorded. Character sets used in internationally standardized transliteration into Latin script are also taken into account. The sequence of alphabetical characters given is intended for multilingual purpos
23、es only and is not intended to affect the alphabetical order of any specific language. The main part of this International Standard specifies letter-by-letter ordering of character strings. Normative annex A treats word-by-word ordering, which is a widely used alternative to this system. Informative
24、 annex B gives two additional rules that may be useful for lexicographical and terminological ordering. Informative annex C gives ordering rules for chemical names. Informative annex D lists the character repertoire of the Latin alphabet. Informative annex E lists languages using the Latin alphabet.
25、 Informative annex F gives alphabetical sequences derived from the sequence specified in this International Standard for a number of languages that use the Latin alphabet. Normative annex G gives a formal description of the rules laid down in the main pari of this International Standard conforming w
26、ith ISO/IEC 14651. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However
27、, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of IS0 and IEC
28、 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IS0 1087:1990, Terminology - Vocabulary. IS0 1087-1 :-l), Terminology work - Vocabulary - Part 1: Theory and application. IS0 1087-2:2000, Terminology work - Vocabulary - fart 2: Computer applications. ISOAEC 10646-1 :1993, Information
29、technology - Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) - Part 7: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane. ISO/IEC 14651 :-?), Information technology - International string ordering - Method for comparing character strings and description of a default tailorable ordering. 1) To be publishe
30、d. Q IS0 2000 - All rights reserved 1 STD=ISO 12199-EN&t 2000 m 41451903. 0838b!Z 313 m : - IS0 121 99:2000(E) /* 3 Terms and definitions For definitions of terminological concepts, see IS0 1087, IS0 1087-1 and IS0 1087-2. For the purpose of this International Standard, the following terms and defin
31、itions apply. 3.1 character member of a set of elements used for the organization, control or representation of data 3.2 letter character used for writing natural language, often representing a sound in the language 3.3 digit character used to represent the numeric value, or part thereof, of a numbe
32、r 3.4 special character character that is not a letter nor a digit EXAMPLE 3.5 ligature character resulting from the joining of two or more letters The space character is a special character. NOTE The resulting character is, in some cases, considered a separate letter. 3.6 two or more consecutive le
33、tters that are regarded as one letter for some purpose NOTE polygraph A polygraph consisting of two or three letters may be referred to as a digraph or a trigraph respectively. 3.7 diacritical mark character that is not a letter and is placed over, under, or through a letter or a combination of lett
34、ers 3.8 ordering act of bringing strings of characters into a well-defined sequence according to a string comparison specification 4 Preparatory procedures in the process of alphabetical ordering, character strings are compared according to a set of rules. This International Standard specifies the s
35、et of rules to be used for the ordering, but does not address the means of selection of relevant character strings, nor any modification of the strings that may be needed for a given purpose. Consequently, certain preparatory procedures may be needed before applying the ordering rules. Depending on
36、the needs in each individual case - the relevant character strings may have to be selected, e.g. relevant terms may have to be extracted from a corpus, - the character strings may have to be modified, e.g. sentence-initial uppercase letters may have to be changed to lowercase letters, plural form of
37、 words may have to be changed to singular form, or - leading zeroes or spaces may be added e.g. in lists containing numerals. Polygraphs are treated as sequences of separate letters. 2 8 IS0 2000 -All rights reserved An application may arrange information into several ordering fields, and determine
38、ranking order with several separate and independent comparisons. This International Standard only defines a single comparison for one such field, where the field is a character-string field. Only the characters that appear in the string and their arrangement are tal.en into account. Apart from the o
39、rdering rules and passes, no other knowledge about the words in the character string is used. For example, dictionary information or rules about language syntax, phonetics and semantics are not used. 5 First ordering level 5.1 First-ordering-level values When comparing strings to be ordered, the fir
40、st-ordering-level values of the strings shall be considered first. The subsequent ordering-level values need to be considered only if two or more strings have identical first-ordering- level values. For multilingual ordering, the following rules shall be applied (see annex A for word-by-word orderin
41、g): 5.2 First-ordering-level sequence Digits and letters have the following ordering values: a) NOTE 1 110 III 12 19 190 2 21 3. Digits: O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sequences of digits will be ordered from left to right as written, thus generating the following order, e.g.: 1 IO 100 11 NOTE 2 0010 0011 0012
42、 0019 0021 0100 0110 O111 0190. Leading zeroes may be inserted as a preparatory procedure, e.g. to generate the following order: o001 0002 0003 b) aA bB CC dD eE fF gG hH i1 jJ kK IL mM nN o0 pP qQ rR sS tT UU VV WW XX yY ZZ bP Basic letters of the Latin alphabet: NOTE 1 This order has been establis
43、hed for use in multilingual environments so as to conflict with as few individual languages as possible. See informative annex F for examples of deviations from this sequence in some languages. Uppercase and lowercase letters shall be treated as equivalent (see clause 7). Letters of the Latin alphab
44、et with diacritical marks shall be treated as equivalent to the corresponding basic Latin letters (see clause 6). Special letters of the Latin alphabet shall be treated as equivalent to basic Latin letters according to Table 1 in 5.3 (see clause 6). The Turkish language distinguishes dl from i/I, wh
45、ile other languages have the pair i/I only. To order multilingual data including Turkish text, the i/i pair shall be expanded as follows: 1: i/I U0131/U0049 LATIN LETTER DOTLESS I (Turkish) 2: /I U0069/U0049 LATIN LETTER I (non-Turkish) 3: /I U0069/U0130 LATIN LETTER I WITH DOT ABOVE (Turkish) It sh
46、ould also be noted that, for example, i (UOOED LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE) in normal print is represented as LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I WITH ACUTE. For the purpose of ordering, however, it shall be treated as equivalent to i (U0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I) On the first ordering level. NOTE 2 Thr
47、oughout this International Standard, characters are referenced as UXXXX, where X is any hexadecimal digit and refers to the position of the character in iSO/IEC 10646-1. Character names are given as in ISO/IEC 10646-1. Most names of Latin letters start with “LATIN SMALL LETTER .” and “LATIN CAPITAL
48、LETER .I. When referring to both lowercase and uppercase letter, the name “LATIN LETTER . . .” is used. When there is no danger of misinterpretation, the words “LATIN LETTER” are sometimes omitted. O IS0 2000 - All rights reserved 3 c) Letters of other alphabets Letters of other alphabets follow in
49、the sequences established for each alphabet. The order of non-Latin alphabets shall be: the Greek alphabet, the Cyrillic alphabet, other alphabets. NOTE It is outside the scope of this International Standard to establish the sequences for alphabets other than the Latin alphabet. The Greek alphabet has the following sequence of letters: Position o1 02 03 04 aA B yT 6A EE (Z qH 80 i1 KK AA pM vN CE o0 ici pP OC rT uY q0 xX on. Character name in ISOAEC 10646-1 Character position for Equivalent to lowercase / uppercase in ISO/IEC 10646-1 LATIN LETTER AE UOOE6- UOOC6
