1、 Reference number ISO 10840:2008(E) ISO 2008INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10840 Second edition 2008-06-01 Plastics Guidance for the use of standard fire tests Plastiques Lignes directrices pour lutilisation dessais au feu normaliss ISO 10840:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typ
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6、SO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedISO 10840:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2
7、 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Enclosure fire scenarios 2 4.1 General. 2 4.2 Initiation and early growth . 3 4.3 Development of fire 3 4.4 Fully developed fire 4 4.5 Decay . 4 5 Categories of fire test. 4 5.1 Material characterization tests 4 5.2 Quality-control tests. 4 5.3
8、Pre-selection tests 5 5.4 End-product tests . 6 6 Important considerations in the fire testing of plastics materials and products. 6 6.1 Influence of the chemical or physical nature of the test specimen. 6 6.2 Thermal-decomposition products. 6 6.3 Problems posed by specimen decomposition 7 6.4 Healt
9、h, safety and local environmental considerations . 7 6.5 Specimen size and geometry 7 6.6 Characteristics of ignition sources. 8 6.7 Sample and test specimen preparation and conditioning 8 6.8 Operating procedures in the event of specimen collapse or deformation. 8 6.9 Complications caused by meltin
10、g effects in thermoplastics. 9 6.10 Advantages and disadvantages of scale in fire tests . 9 6.11 Influence of test apparatus design on the applicability of test data . 11 6.12 Calibration of the test apparatus and attainable precision 11 6.13 Uncertainty associated with fire test measurements 11 7 P
11、otentially problematical specimen behaviour . 12 7.1 Tests developed for materials other than plastics 12 7.2 Shrinking . 12 7.3 Bubbling 12 7.4 Intumescence 12 7.5 Extinguishing of pilot flames by highly flame retarded plastics . 12 7.6 Slumping of thermoplastic sheets 13 7.7 Detection of flaming d
12、rips . 13 7.8 Edge effects. 13 7.9 Profiled products 13 Annex A (normative) End-use-relevant preparation of test specimens . 14 Annex B (informative) Environmental-impact assessment 23 Bibliography . 25 ISO 10840:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for
13、 Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the
14、right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Internatio
15、nal Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication a
16、s an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. I
17、SO 10840 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 4, Burning behaviour. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10840:2003), which has been technically revised. ISO 10840:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved v Introduction Many of the current r
18、eaction-to-fire tests were developed, prior to the widespread use of synthetic polymers, to assess products incorporating materials such as wood (in the building industry), paper (in electrical wires and cables), and naturally occurring fibres such as cotton, wool and horsehair (in many textile, fur
19、niture and electrical applications). The reaction-to-fire characteristics of these so-called traditional materials are often very different from those of synthetic materials, especially thermoplastics. ISO/TC 61/SC 4 recognizes the need for guidance for users of fire-test standards commonly applied
20、to materials and products made of, or incorporating, plastics. In 2003, the first edition of ISO 10840 was published, based on the now withdrawn ISO Technical Report ISO/TR 10840:1993, Plastics Burning behaviour Guidance for development and use of fire tests, which listed a series of potential probl
21、ems associated with the reaction-to-fire testing of plastics materials and products. ISO/TR 10840, however, provided users of the test methods with no practical assistance on how to cope with the potential problems listed. Although the first edition of ISO 10840 addressed the provision of such assis
22、tance, the general guidance that it gave on the mounting and fixing of test specimens was found in many cases to be insufficient. More specific guidance, relevant to the various end-use conditions of plastics products, was required. This second edition of ISO 10840 includes a new annex that provides
23、 more detailed information about how to conduct standard fire tests which are more relatable to the real conditions of plastics products in a variety of applications. With more concerns expressed about the environmental impact of fires involving plastics, additional guidance has been included in thi
24、s second edition. This information is general at present but it is proposed to provide further guidance as the technology develops. Particular attention is given to the provision of guidance for inexperienced users who may need to assess the fire performance of materials or products made of, or inco
25、rporating, plastics. This International Standard also provides answers to frequently asked questions concerning fire tests; these cover factors such as cost, duration, complexity, required operator skills, quality of the data produced, relevance to fire hazard assessment as well as test repeatabilit
26、y and reproducibility. This International Standard contains a bibliography of the most frequently used fire tests applied to the materials and products within the scope of ISO/TC 61/SC 4. The main focus of this International Standard is on reaction-to-fire testing. Fire-resistance testing has also b
27、een considered, however, to take account of the widespread use of advanced polymer composites and related materials with superior thermo-mechanical stability which may be used in applications where there is a demand for some degree of fire resistance. Further development of such plastics composites
28、and related products will predictably increase the demand for fire-resistance testing. This International Standard also provides guidance on some standard fire tests which give data that is applicable for assessment of the potentially adverse environmental impact of combustion products that may be g
29、enerated in large-scale fires involving plastics materials and products. NOTE The term “adverse environmental impact” covers undesirable direct effects on the environment as well as indirect effects on people through environmental exposure. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10840:2008(E) ISO 2008 All right
30、s reserved 1 Plastics Guidance for the use of standard fire tests 1 Scope This International Standard covers the following aspects of fire testing of plastics materials and products: selection of appropriate tests that reflect realistic end-use conditions; grouping of the reaction-to-fire characteri
31、stics that any given test or tests can measure; assessment of tests as to their relevance in areas such as material characterization, quality control, pre-selection, end-product testing, environmental profiling and DfE (Design for the Environment); definition of potential problems that may arise whe
32、n plastics are tested in standard fire tests. The scope of this International Standard does not include the development or design of new fire tests for plastics. However, the flexibility of approach that is indicated with respect to the mounting and fixing of test specimens will be valuable when fir
33、e-testing laboratories and certification bodies are considering how to evaluate ranges of plastics that are used in different ways. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
34、For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 390, Products in fibre-reinforced cement Sampling and inspection ISO 1887, Textile glass Determination of combustible-matter content ISO 13943:2008, Fire safety Vocabulary EN 312, Particlebo
35、ards Specifications EN 520, Gypsum plasterboards Definitions, requirements and test methods EN 13238, Reaction to fire tests for building products Conditioning procedures and general rules for selection of substrates EN 13823:2002, Reaction to fire tests for building products Building products exclu
36、ding floorings exposed to the thermal attack by a single burning item 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943 and the following terms and definitions apply. ISO 10840:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved3.1 test specimen test piece th
37、at may be cut from a sample of a product, or prepared by moulding or otherwise, as specified by the test procedure, or a representative sample of the product itself 3.2 sample representative part of a manufactured product or piece of a material or semi-finished product 3.3 end-product test fire haza
38、rd assessment test on a complete product, piece, part, component or sub-assembly 3.4 pre-selection test combustion characteristic test made on a standardized shape, for example a rectangular bar prepared using standard moulding procedures 3.5 flashover stage of fire transition to a state of total su
39、rface involvement in a fire of combustible materials within an enclosure ISO 13943:2008 3.6 spalling the breaking off of fragments or solid particles from a heated surface NOTE This effect is similar to the splintering or chipping that occurs on heating some stone or concrete surfaces. 3.7 smoulderi
40、ng combustion of a material without flame and without visible light NOTE Smouldering is generally manifested by an increase in temperature accompanied by emission of effluent. 3.8 glowing combustion flameless combustion of a solid material with emission of light from the combustion zone 3.9 uncertai
41、nty of measurement parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand 4 Enclosure fire scenarios 4.1 General A number of fire parameters influence the development of a fire and, moreover, the fi
42、re parameters measured during the pre-flashover and the post-flashover stages differ greatly. There are four main stages of fire development within an enclosure, which are assessed using measurements of temperature and time as shown in Figure 1. ISO 10840:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 3Key X
43、time, t (minutes) Y 1average temperature, T, in fire compartment (C) Y 2average irradiance, I, in fire compartment (kW/m 2 ) 1 time to ignition 2 ignition point, at which the local conditions in the enclosure close to the ignited item will be T 100 C and I 25 kW/m 23 developing fire 4 flashover 5 fu
44、lly developed fire Figure 1 Typical course of a fire in an enclosure going to flashover 4.2 Initiation and early growth This stage includes the exposure of a product to a heat source, ignition and early development of a fire. Two types of combustion may exist at this stage, smouldering and flaming.
45、Smouldering is a slow, flameless combustion producing very little heat, but having the potential to fill an enclosure with smoke and toxic gases. After ignition, the development of a flaming fire will depend on the following effects: fire growth on the first item to be ignited; fire spread to other
46、items; the effect of intervention (portable extinguishers, sprinklers, fire brigades); the ventilation conditions. 4.3 Development of fire As a fire develops, a hot smoke and gas layer usually builds up below the ceiling. The radiant heat transfer to combustible items accelerates the thermal decompo
47、sition of material below the smoke layer, and the rate of fire spread increases. Flashover, which usually occurs at temperatures around 600 C, corresponds to an abrupt transition from a localized fire to the ignition of the gas layer and the subsequent sudden ignition of all exposed flammable surfac
48、es, leading to a fully developed fire. The rate of heat release increases rapidly to reach a maximum value. Flashover is uncommon in large enclosures, as the required temperature conditions are not often reached. ISO 10840:2008(E) 4 ISO 2008 All rights reserved4.4 Fully developed fire A fire is rega
49、rded as fully developed when all fuel within an enclosure is burning. This stage usually follows flashover, but some fires may become fully developed without passing through the flashover phase. 4.5 Decay The decay stage of a fire is reached when all the combustible material or available air has been consumed, or when the fire is suppressed. In the pre-flashover phase, reaction-to-fire characteristics of products are important, while in the post-flashover phase resistance-to-fire parameters of complet
