1、 ISO 2014 Space systems Lunar simulants Systmes spatiaux Simulation de la poussire lunaire INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10788 First edition 2014-05-15 Reference number ISO 10788:2014(E) ISO 10788:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014 All rights reserved. Unless o
2、therwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the addre
3、ss below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 10788:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword
4、 iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 T erms and definitions and abbr e viat ed t erms 1 2.1 Terms and definitions . 1 2.2 Abbreviated terms . 2 3 Char act eristics of lunar r egolith pr e viousl y defined in the Lunar S our c ebook .2 3.1 Minerologies . . 2 3.2 Physical and chemical properties . 3 4 Qua
5、ntitative measurement properties of lunar simulants 4 4.1 General . 4 4.2 Comparative baseline 4 4.3 Impurities and contamination . 4 4.4 Validation of figures of merit 4 4.5 Composition figure of merit 5 4.6 Size distribution figure of merit . 7 4.7 Shape figure of merit . 8 4.8 Density figure of m
6、erit . 8 Bibliogr aph y .10 ISO 10788:2014(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each mem
7、ber body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International El
8、ectrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different type
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12、 following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 14, Space systems and operations.iv ISO 2014 All rights reserved ISO 10788:2014(E) Introduction This International Standard provides lunar syste
13、ms developers and operators with a specific quantitative measure for lunar regolith simulants in comparison to other simulants and with relation to sampled lunar materials from Apollo and Lunakhod missions. Developers of lunar systems will use simulants as test materials. This International Standard
14、 is a reference for quantitative measures of lunar simulants finer than 10 cm. It describes four properties (composition, size, shape, and density) which are the minimum number of properties needed for such uses as comparative testing involving simulants or civil engineering. The quantitative measur
15、es of lunar dust simulants are based on the quantitative measures of lunar regolith samples collected at multiple lunar landing sites of the Apollo missions. This International Standard provides communication of the geological quality of the simulant between developing organizations and systems oper
16、ations organizations. ISO 2014 All rights reserved v Space systems Lunar simulants 1 Scope This International Standard is a reference for quantitative measures of lunar simulants. 2 T erms a nd definiti ons and abbr e viat ed t erms 2.1 T erms and definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the
17、following terms and definitions apply. 2.1.1 agglutinate vesiculated glass bonded particle containing other particles (lithic fragments), of which the bonding glass contains spherical particles of iron Note 1 to entry: The lunar spherules are typically 3 100 nanometers in diameter and formed contemp
18、oraneous with the glass. Note 2 to entry: Six features characterize lunar agglutinates: size, surface area with relation to volume, composition, nanophase iron content, flow banding, and multiple generations. 2.1.2 angularity an expression of roundness EXAMPLE A poorly rounded grain is described as
19、angular. Note 1 to entry: This definition has been taken from the Glossary of Geology (see Reference 5). 2.1.3 aspect ratio ratio of the maximum Feret diameter divided into the orthogonal Feret diameter Note 1 to entry: Values range from 0 to 1 and equal to 1 for a circle. 2.1.4 Feret diameter dista
20、nce between two parallel lines which are tangent to the perimeter of a particle Note 1 to entry: The maximum Feret diameter is defined as the greatest distance between two parallel lines which are still tangent to the perimeter of the particle. 2.1.5 f i g u r e o f m e r i t degree to which a sampl
21、e matches a reference Note 1 to entry: Scaling (normalization) forces the norm of the difference of two composition vectors to lie between 0 and 1, and subtraction from unity results in a figure of merit of 1 for a perfect match and 0 for not match at all. INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 10788:2014(E) I
22、SO 2014 All rights reserved 1 ISO 10788:2014(E) 2.1.6 Heywood circularity factor expression of the complexity of a particles perimeter Note 1 to entry: Formally, the Heywood circularity factor is equal to 1 divided by particle perimeter divided by the circumference of a circle with the same area as
23、the particle. This is numerically equal to the “circularity” defined by Waddell (1933). It is expressed in this manner to make it apparent that the Heywood factor is the inverse of a common definition of “circularity”, another common measure. Note 2 to entry: Values range from 0 to 1 and equal 1 for
24、 a circle. 2.1.7 lithic fragments physically discrete solids of any rock type whose normative composition is within the range of the target terrain Note 1 to entry: Lithic fragments have texture and mineralogy. Texture is a more important feature than mineralogy for lithic fragments. Texture describ
25、es the grain to grain connectivity boundary. Lunar textures cannot be replicated on Earth. 2.1.8 lunar terrains mare and highlands 2.1.9 regolith all particulate surface material including rocks, soils, and dust Note 1 to entry: As stated in the Introduction, this International Standard is limited i
26、n scope to regolith 10 cm and smaller. Rocks, soils, and dust are not differentiated on the basis of size. 2.1.10 re-use after a simulant volume is used (any sequence of events in which a simulant volume is removed from a storage container) then placed back into storage, any future use constitutes r
27、e-use 2.1.11 sphericity degree to which the shape of a particle approaches a sphere 2.2 A bbr e viat ed t erms c x concentration or portion of a sample for the x thitem in the sample FoM Figure of Merit RFD Relative Frequency Distribution w i weighting factor. w is a value between one and zero. i is
28、 an index which refers to the charac- teristic being weighted, such as glass (a grain type) 3 Char act eristics of l unar r egolith pr e viou sl y defined in the Lunar S our c ebook 3.1 Minerologies The lunar surface mineralogy is variable across major terrain. These properties are qualitative; they
29、 cannot be described in a quantitative manner related to any known spatial distribution across the lunar surface. The listing of the primary minerologies in Reference 3 includes2 ISO 2014 All rights reserved ISO 10788:2014(E) Silicate minerals such as Pyroxene, Plagioclase Feldspar, Olivine (Fo 80 )
30、, and Silica minerals, Oxide minerals such as Ilmenite, Spinels, and Armalcolite, Sulfide Minerals such as Troilite, Native Fe, and Phosphate Minerals. 3.2 Physical and chemical properties 3.2.1 General Reference 3 provided a compilation of properties from Apollo and Lunakhod lunar samples of use to
31、 the scientific community. These properties are listed since a large amount of data exists for lunar regolith characterization using these properties. As demanded by scientific definitions, these properties are qualitative and quantitative. This means some properties can be measured directly while o
32、thers are descriptive and are not readily measurable. While these properties are of value to planetary or lunar scientists, they do not address the needs of lunar systems developers and operators with a specific quantitative measure for lunar regolith simulants in comparison to other simulants and w
33、ith relation to sampled lunar materials. 3.2.2 Physical properties 3.2.2.1 Geotechnical properties a) particle size distribution; b) particle shapes; c) specific gravity; d) bulk density; e) porosity; f) relative density; g) compressibility; h) shear strength; i) permeability and diffusivity; j) bea
34、ring capability; k) slope stability; l) trafficability. 3.2.2.2 Electrical and electromagnetic properties a) electrical conductivity; b) photoconductivity; c) electrostatic charging; d) dielectric permittivity. ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3 ISO 10788:2014(E) 3.2.3 Chemical properties a) major eleme
35、nts; b) incompatible trace elements; c) miscellaneous minor elements; d) siderophile elements; e) vapor-mobilized elements; f) solar wind implanted elements. 4 Quantitative measurement properties of lunar simulants 4.1 General Lunar simulants can be measured as lunar samples were measured and publis
36、hed using 22 listed properties (see Clause 3). However, the quality of lunar simulants measured in this way cannot be readily compared to lunar source material nor communicated across development and operational communities. Comparison of these measures for simulants for other than scientific purpos
37、es is not recommended. The more useful qualification of lunar simulants is tied to lunar minerologies and is expressed most concisely in four figures of merit: composition, size, shape, and density. The figures of merit for lunar simulants range from zero to one. A figure of merit value of zero indi
38、cates no useful correlation to a comparative sample. A figure of merit value of one indicates exact correlation as defined by the standard measurements to a comparative sample. A specific quantitative measure for lunar regolith simulants is made only in comparison to other simulants or with relation
39、 to sampled lunar materials from Apollo and Lunakhod missions. Data from existing lunar samples are necessary to use these figures of merit to establish a real baseline from the lunar surface. 4.2 C ompar ati v e baseline Comparative (quantitative) measures shall be stated for lunar simulants. Figur
40、es of merit for a simulant shall be stated against a single baseline. If multiple baselines are referenced for a simulant, a complete set of figures of merit shall be calculated for each reference. 4.3 Impurities and contamination Simulants can not be completely defined by these figures of merit for
41、 reasons of mineralogical impurity and contamination of the simulant by organic/inorganic materials. Impurity of the sample/simulant measured shall be stated in percent of the sample mass. Contamination of the sample/simulant shall be stated in percentage of the sample volume. Characterization of th
42、e sample contamination and the nature of that contamination shall be stated if an analysis is performed. 4.4 V alidation of figur es of merit Calculation of figures of merit for a simulant shall be performed and recorded for each use. In the event a volume of simulant is re-used, the figures of meri
43、t shall be recalculated in accordance with this standard. Scaling (normalization) forces the norm of the difference of two composition vectors to lie between 0 and 1, and subtraction from unity results in a figure of merit of 1 for a perfect match and 0 for not match at all.4 ISO 2014 All rights res
44、erved ISO 10788:2014(E) 4.5 C omposition figur e of merit 4.5.1 C omposition figur e of merit formula The figure of merit definition is (1) where w iis used to adjust the figure of merit for a particular grain type (see 4.5.3) and max i (w) is the i thlargest element of w. This form of the figure of
45、 merit is not useful in actual calculation. The figure of merit formula for calculation shall be (2) For example, in the constituent example table below, normalized concentrations for basalt are given for both the sample and the simulant (approximately 0,015 and 0,120, respectively). In the differen
46、ce table, it is further shown that the basalt difference is 0,105 with a higher concentration in the simulant. T a b l e 1 C o n s t i t u e n t e x a m p l e t a b l e ISO 2014 All rights reserved 5 ISO 10788:2014(E) T a b l e 2 D i f f e r e n c e t a b l e 4.5.2 Particles Compositions are defined
47、 for particles. A particle may be made up of one or more grains. A particle may be composed of a combination of crystalline solids, glass, or a mixture of these and may contain voids. The smallest particle is a single grain of material. 4.5.3 Grain types Grain types shall be described as crystalline
48、 solids (agglutinates, lithic fragments) or glass. 4.5.3.1 Crystalline solids Crystalline solids shall have structure at the level of an X-ray. 4.5.3.2 Glasses Glasses shall be made from the rest of the material in the simulant Glasses shall have a normative mineralogy within the range of the moon.6 ISO 2014 All rights reserved ISO 10788:2014(E) 4.6 Size distribution fi gur e of merit 4.6.1 Size distribution fi gur e of merit formula The calculation of the size distribution figure of merit shall be
