1、 IEEE Guide for Application for Monitoring Equipment to Liquid-Immersed Transformers and Components Sponsored by the Transformers Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 19 December 2012 IEEE Power and Energy SocietyIEEE Std C57.143-2012IEEE Guide for Application for Monitoring Equi
2、pment to Liquid-Immersed Transformers and Components Sponsor Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Society Approved 5 December 2012 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: Identification of the key parameters that can be monitored for obtaining an indication of the condition of liquid-immers
3、ed transformers is covered by this guide. It also covers risk/benefit analysis, sensor application, and monitoring systems application. This guide does not cover interpretation of monitoring results. Keywords: IEEE C57.143, liquid-immersed transformers, transformer monitoring The Institute of Electr
4、ical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2012 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 19 December 2012. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +
5、1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. iv Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applica
6、ble laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its s
7、tandards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in
8、 laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Updati
9、ng of IEEE documents Users of IEEE Standards documents should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time cons
10、ists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE-SA Website a
11、t http:/standards.ieee.org/index.html or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit IEEE-SA Website at http:/standards.ieee.org/index.html. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other
12、 standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/findstds/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by paten
13、t rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken by the IEEE with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. If a patent holder or patent applicant has filed a statement of assurance via an Accepted Letter of Assurance, then the statement is lis
14、ted on the IEEE-SA Website at http:/standards.ieee.org/about/sasb/patcom/patents.html. Letters of Assurance may indicate whether the Submitter is willing or unwilling to grant licenses under patent rights without compensation or under reasonable rates, with reasonable terms and conditions that are d
15、emonstrably free of any unfair discrimination to applicants desiring to obtain such licenses. Essential Patent Claims may exist for which a Letter of Assurance has not been received. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducti
16、ng inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims, or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly
17、 advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. v Introduction This introduction is
18、not part of IEEE Std C57.143-2012, IEEE Guide for Application for Monitoring Equipment to Liquid-Immersed Transformers and Components. For many decades, transformer users have sought ways to assess the general condition of electrical power apparatus and identify specific problems. Over the years, di
19、agnostic tests have been developed, based on available technology. In the last few years, a sophisticated means has evolved for collecting a great deal of diagnostic information while the equipment is in service. Periodic off-line diagnostic tests still play an important role in industry. However, “
20、continuous” or “on-line” monitoring can overcome some of the fundamental limitations of off-line tests, in that it can increase the performance and reliability of substation power apparatus, it can reduce maintenance costs, and it can aid in the optimization of apparatus operations and maintenance p
21、rocedures and help manage the growing risk of an aging population of transformers and components. Starting in the 1980s, industry and electric utilities shifted their strategies and resources from construction and expansion, to maintenance and diagnostics for the plants that were built in the develo
22、pment boom of the 1960s and 1970s. Maintenance records were retrieved, tabulated, and analyzed; databases were created. Maintenance technology evolved through the following four levels: Corrective: Ensuring that equipment is operating and functional Preventive: Optimizing the performance of the equi
23、pment Predictive: Diagnosing impending downtime for maintenance Strategic/optimization: Operational controls and corporate wide asset management Today, plant optimization systems have become fairly common, and the leading edge of technology is now focused on predictive maintenance systems. However,
24、the monitoring of transformers and other electrical apparatus has several challenges: the reliability of the electronic equipment, cost of the monitors, continuing development of the sensors and monitoring systems, performance under harsh field conditions, lack of availability of field expertise, da
25、ta collection, and interpretation. This guide describes most of the continuous on-line monitoring and diagnostic methods that are in common practice at the time this guide was written, and provides additional information in the case of developing techniques. This guide addresses transformer operatio
26、nal parameters that can be monitored and the risks and benefits of the monitoring. It also provides specification considerations for monitoring hardware, software, and communication systems. For the purposes of this guide, the term transformer refers, but is not limited to: generator step-up transfo
27、rmers; autotransformers; phase-shifting transformers; regulating transformers; intertie transmission transformers; DC converter transformers; instrument transformers; retail, customer, or industrial service transformers;, and shunt, series, and saturable reactors. Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights res
28、erved. vi Participants At the time this guide was completed, the On-Line Monitoring Guide Working Group had the following membership: Donald Chu, Chair Andre Lux, Vice-chair Tony Pink Secretary Jacques Aubin Carlo Arpino Derek Ashby Ron Barker David Barnard William Bartley Claude Beauchemin Jeff Ben
29、ach Zalya Berler Enrique Betancourt Tom Breckenridge Kent Brown Donald Cash Luiz Cheim Bill Chiu John Crouse William Darovny Dieter Dohnal Donald Fallon Pierre Feghali George Forrest Michael Franchek James Gardner Andreas Garnitschnig James Graham Bill Griesacker Jack Hammers John Harley Gary Hoffma
30、n Rowland James, Jr. Virendra Jhonsa Claude Kane C. J. Kalra Joseph Kelly Dong Kim John Lackey Stanley Lindgren Thomas Lundquist Michael W. Martin Terence J. Martin Phillip McClure Doug McCullough Paul Mushill Russell Nordman Arturo Nunez Remi Pages Paul Pillitteri Thomas Prevost Mark Rivers Oleg Ro
31、izman Surinder Sandhu Ewald Schweiger Devki Sharma H. Jin Sim Brian Sparling Thomas Spitzer Bengt-Olof Stenestam Craig Stiegemeier Christoper Sullivan Jim Thompson Robert Thompson Robert Tillman Greg Troxell Luke Vanderzel Richard Van Neste Roger Verdolin Herman Vogel David Wallach Joe Watson Roger
32、Wicks Shuzhen Xu Peter Zhao The following members of the balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Mohamed Abdel Khalek William Ackerman Michael Adams Donald Angell Stan Arnot Carlo Arpino Jacques Aubin Barry Beaster Claude Beauchemin
33、 Jeffrey Benach W. J. Bil Bergman Enrique Betancourt Steven Bezner Wallace Binder Thomas Blackburn William Bloethe W. Boettger Paul Boman Dietrich Bonmann Steven Brockschink Antonio Cardoso Arvind K. Chaudhary Bill Chiu C. Clair Claiborne Larry Coffeen Craig Colopy Jerry Corkran John Crouse Willaim
34、Darovny Dieter Dohnal Gary Donner Donald Dunn Gary Engmann James Fairris Donald Fallon Rabiz Foda Joseph Foldi George Forrest Marcel Fortin Fredric Friend George Frimpong Jalal Gohari Edwin Goodwin James Graham Randall Groves Bal Gupta Said Hachichi John Harley J. Harlow David Harris Roger Hayes Jos
35、hua Herz Gary Heuston Gary Hoffman Philip Hopkinson Catherine Hurley R. Jackson Rowland James Wayne Johnson Lars Juhlin Laszlo Kadar C. Kalra Gael Kennedy Sheldon Kennedy Joseph L. Koepfinger Alexander Kraetge Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii Jim Kulchisky Saumen Kundu John Lackey Chung
36、-Yiu Lam Stephen Lambert Thomas La Rose S. Lindgren Hua Liu Thomas Lundquist Greg Luri J. Dennis Marlow Terence Martin John Matthews Omar Mazzoni James McBride Phillip McClure William McDermid Joseph Melanson Gary Michel C. Michael Miller Daniel Mulkey Jerry Murphy Ryan Musgrove Paul Mushill Michael
37、 S. Newman Joe Nims Bansi Patel Shawn Patterson Wesley Patterson J. Patton Brian Penny Alan Peterson Christopher Petrola Paul Pillitteri Tony Pink Donald Platts Alvaro Portillo Lewis Powell Gustav Preininger Tom Prevost Jean-Christophe Riboud Johannes Rickmann Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Oleg Roi
38、zman Zoltan Roman Marnie Roussell Thomas Rozek Sukhbir Sachdev Dinesh Sankarakurup Bartien Sayogo Ewald Schweiger Lubomir Sevov Hamid Sharifnia Devki Sharma Gil Shultz Hyeong Sim Charles Simmons James Smith Brian Sparling Thomas Spitzer Nagu Srinivas Gary Stoedter James Thompson Eric Udren A. John V
39、andermaar Richard VanNeste John Vergis David Wallach Barry Ward Joe Watson Kenneth White Roger Wicks Alan Wilks John Wilson Jian Yu Hugh Zhu When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 5 December 2012, it had the following membership: Richard H. Hulett, Chair John Kulick, Vice Chair R
40、obert M. Grow, Past Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Satish Aggarwal Masayuki Ariyoshi Peter Balma William Bartley Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Wael Diab Jean-Philippe Faure Alexander Gelman Paul Houz Jim Hughes Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* David J. Law Thomas Lee Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov
41、 Ted Olsen Gary Robinson Jon Walter Rosdahl Mike Seavey Yatin Trivedi Phil Winston Yu Yuan* Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Catherine Berger IEEE Standards Senior Pro
42、gram Manager, Document Development Erin Spiewak IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. viiiContents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions 3 4. Surveillance needs of high-voltage transformers
43、 and accessories 4 4.1 General 4 4.2 Power transformers 4 4.3 Instrument transformers . 6 4.4 Bushings 8 4.5 Load tap changers 10 5. Monitored parameters . 16 5.1 General 16 5.2 Dissolved gas-in oil analysis . 16 5.3 Moisture in oil . 18 5.4 Partial discharge 19 5.5 Transformer temperatures 21 5.6 W
44、inding temperatures 21 5.7 Load current and voltage . 22 5.8 Insulation power factor 23 5.9 Pump/Fan operation . 23 5.10 Load tap changer (LTC) operations . 24 5.11 Conservator membrane 24 6. Monitoring systems and equipment 25 6.1 Monitoring system description 25 6.2 Sensors . 25 6.3 Hardware speci
45、fication 26 6.4 Signals . 27 6.5 Signal acquisition 27 6.6 Application of sensors . 28 6.7 Installation considerations . 29 6.8 Control function . 31 6.9 Selecting communications hardware and protocols . 31 6.10 Data application . 32 6.11 Selection criterion for on-line monitoring system . 33 6.12 O
46、n-line diagnostics for transformers . 33 7. Cost benefits . 34 7.1 Introduction . 34 7.2 Inspection and maintenance costs 35 7.3 Failure resolution cost 36 7.4 Reinforcement of overload capability 43 7.5 Deferring transformer replacement 46 Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. ix 7.6 Monitoring
47、 system cost 47 7.7 Global evaluation . 47 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 48 Annex B (informative) Bushing power factor and capacitance . 54 B.1 Introduction . 54 B.2 Current sum method 54 B.3 Tan method 55 B.4 Relative Power Factor/Tan . 55 Annex C (informative) Partial discharge: electrical
48、and acoustic methods . 57 C.1 Introduction . 57 C.2 Electrical PD . 57 C.3 Acoustic PD 59 Annex D (informative) Direct winding temperature . 62 D.1 Fluorescence decay time . 62 D.2 Distributed temperature sensor . 66 Annex E (informative) Communications protocols for on-line monitoring equipment . 6
49、8 E.1 Introduction . 68 E.2 The role and requirements of a protocol 68 E.3 Protocol selection 69 E.4 Recommended practice . 70 E.5 Communication hardware considerations . 72 Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1 IEEE Guide for Application for Monitoring Equipment to Liquid-Immersed Transformers and Components IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to ensure safety, health, or environmental protection, or ensure against interference with or from other devices or networks. Implementers of IEEE Standards documents are responsible for
