1、 IEC 62032 Edition 2.0 2012-06 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Guide for the Application, Specification, and Testing of Phase-Shifting Transformers IEC 62032:2012(E)IEEE Std.C57.135:2011IEEE Std C57.135THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2011 IEEE All rights reserved. IEEE is a registered trade
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17、pressly advised that IEC 62032:2012 IEEE Std C57.135-2011 v Published by IEC under license from IEEE. 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. International Standard IEC 6203
18、2/ IEEE Std C57.135-2011 has been processed through IEC technical committee 14: Power transformers, under the IEC/IEEE Dual Logo Agreement. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2005, and constitutes a technical revision. The text of this standard is based on the f
19、ollowing documents: IEEE Std FDIS Report on voting IEEE Std C57.135-2011 14/710/FDIS 14/714/RVD Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. The IEC Technical Committee and IEEE Technical Committee have decided th
20、at the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be g135 reconfirmed, g135 withdrawn, g135 replaced by a revised edition,
21、or g135 amended. IEC 62032:2012 vi IEEE Std C57.135-2011 Published by IEC under license from IEEE. 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std C57.135-2011 (Revision of IEEE Std C57.135-2001) IEEE Guide for the Application, Specification, and Testing of Phase-Shifting Transformers Sponsor Transformers
22、Committee of the IEEE Power retard means that the L terminal voltage (VL) lags the S terminal voltage (VS). IEC 62032:2012 IEEE Std C57.135-2011 5 Published by IEC under license from IEEE. 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Figure 1 Load side power factor of 1 Equation (1a) and Equation (1b) illustrate
23、 the advance and retard operations shown in Figure 1. 11221122*0* ZIZIVZIVZI g16g32g39g159g32g16g39g16 (1a) 11222211 *0* ZIZIVZIVZI g16g32g39g159g32g16g39g14 (1b) A numerical example should illustrate this. If it is required that both systems are loaded with 50% of the total transferred power 2xS an
24、d the impedances are assumed to be z1= 0.02 and z2= 0.30, related to S, the necessary additional voltage becomes g507V = 0.30 0.02 = 0.28. Hence, a load phase angle (advanced) of about 15.6 (g167arctan(0.28) is necessary. The total angle between source and load becomes minus 1.1. In case with z1= 0.
25、30 and z2= 0.02, the same load phase angle (retard) would be needed, but the total phase angle between source and load would become 16.7. If no measures were taken, then the load distribution between system 1 and 2 would be 0.9375 to 0.0625 instead of 0.5 to 0.5. A second important application is th
26、e use of a PST to control the power flow between two large independent grids. An advanced phase-shifting angle is necessary to achieve a flow of active power from system 1 to system 2 (Figure 2). IEC 62032:2012 6 IEEE Std C57.135-2011 Published by IEC under license from IEEE. 2011 IEEE. All rights r
27、eserved. Figure 2 Advanced phase-shifting angle 4.3 PST under load So far an “ideal” PST (i.e., a transformer with an impedance zT= 0) has been dealt with. To demonstrate load conditions, an equivalent circuit phasor diagram is used as shown in Figure 3 with an ideal PST with zT= 0 and an additional
28、 transformer with a turns ratio of 1:1 and an impedance zT= RT+ jXT. where VL* is load-side voltage (no-load) VL is load-side voltage (loaded) VS(a)is source-side voltage (advanced) VS(r)is source-side voltage (retard) ILis load current cos g307Lis load power factor zTis transformer impedance g533 i
29、s transformer load angle g302 is phase-shift angle + advanced retard IEC 62032:2012 IEEE Std C57.135-2011 7 Published by IEC under license from IEEE. 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Figure 3 Demonstration of load conditions Next, the phasor diagram of the PST can be drawn. Starting with the load vol
30、tage VLand calculating the ohmic and reactive voltage drop in the 1:1 transformer, the load voltage VL* can be obtained. The load phase angle g533 can be calculated with Equation (2): cos sin cosarctan arctansin cos 100 sinLLLL TLLL L L L T LIX IR ZVI X IR Zg77g77 g77g69g77g77 g77g117g117 g16g117g11
31、7 g117g32g35g117g117g117 g14g117g117 g14 g117(2) The PST adds g147g302, and so, finally, the load phase angles of the transformer g68*(a)and g68*(r), respectively, are obtained as shown in Equations (3) and (4): g302g13(a)g32g3g302g3 g533 is phase-shift angle (loaded) advance (3) g302g13(r)= g11g302
32、g3g14g3g533g12 is phase-shift angle (loaded) retard (4) On the one hand, to obtain an advanced phase angle g68*(a)under load, the no-load phase angle g68 has to be chosen properly under consideration of the phase angle g68*(r)of the PST. On the other hand, the retard phase angle g68*(r)is increased
33、under load. This has an impact on transformer and tap changer as discussed in 4.8.4. IEC 62032:2012 8 IEEE Std C57.135-2011 Published by IEC under license from IEEE. 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. 4.4 Power transfer A PST has two separate effects on power flow. First, the no-load phase angle create
34、s an additional voltage that drives additional current through the line. Second, the PSTs additional impedance is added to the circuit. These two effects may work against each other. Therefore, a minimum phase angle is usually required to compensate for the additional voltage drop across the PSTs im
35、pedance in the advanced position. To ease the following considerations, the impedance of the PST has been assumed to be constant over the whole regulating range, a tolerable approximation for two-core designs (the impedance of single-core designs is commonly zero at 0 phase shift). With the denotati
36、ons used in Figure 3 and P0is active power transferred when g302 = 0 (preload) Q0is reactive power transferred when g302 = 0 (preload) the power components at the source side are calculated using Equations (5) and (6): g11g12200cos sin sinSTVPP QXg68g68g68g68g32g117 g16g117 g14 g117 (5) g11g12200 0s
37、in cos (1 cos )STVQP QXg68g68g68 g68g32g117 g14 g117 g14 g117g16 (6)Figure 4 explains the effect of the introduction of the phase-g86g75g76g73g87g3g68g81g74g79g72g3g302g17g3g44g81g3g87g75g72g3g73g82g85g80ula, the first two terms reflect the effect of the phase angle on the original power flow as eas
38、ily can be derived from Figure 4. The last term represents the additional power flow generated by the additional vog79g87g68g74g72g3g507V across the impedance jX g82g73g3g87g75g72g3g51g54g55g17g3g55g68g78g76g81g74g3g76g81g87g82g3g70g82g81g86g76g71g72g85g68g87g76g82g81g3g87g75g68g87g3g87g75g72g3g85g7
39、2g68g79g3g70g82g80g83g82g81g72g81g87g3g82g73g3g507V (g507Vg13g3g70g82g86g11g302g18g21g12g12g3g71g85g76g89g72g86g3g68g3g70g88g85g85g72g81g87g3g90g76g87g75g3g68g3g83g82g86g76g87g76g89g72g3g76g80g68g74g76g81g68g85g92g3g70g82g80g83g82g81g72g81g87g3g68g81g71g3g87g75g72g3g76g80g68g74g76g81g68g85g92g3g70g8
40、2g80g83g82g81g72g81g87g3g82g73g3g507V (g507Vg13g86g76g81g11g302g18g21g12g12g3is a current with a positive real comg83g82g81g72g81g87g3 g68g81g71g3 g87g75g68g87g3 g507V = 2*Vsg13g3 g86g76g81g11g11g302g18g21g12g15g3 g87g75g72g3 g79g68g86g87g3 g87g72g85g80g86g3 g76g81g3 Equations (5) and (6), respectiv
41、ely, can be confirmed without difficulties. IEC 62032:2012 IEEE Std C57.135-2011 9 Published by IEC under license from IEEE. 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Figure 4 Effect of phase-g86g75g76g73g87g3g68g81g74g79g72g3g302 Figure 5 shows the variation of the additional power flow (assumption: P0= Q0=
42、0, ZT g124 jXT, Vs2/XT = 1) with the PST angle g68. 0 8 12 16 20 2400.10.20.30.40.5Phase angle ()Active Power Reactive Power_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _4Power (per unit)Figure 5 g57g68g85g76g68g87g76g82g81g3g82g73g3g68g71g71g76g87g76g82g81g68g79g3g83g82g90g72g85g3g73g79g82g90g3g90g76g87g75g3g87g75g72g3g51g54
43、g55g3g68g81g74g79g72g3g302 IEC 62032:2012 10 IEEE Std C57.135-2011 Published by IEC under license from IEEE. 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Figure 6 shows as an example the variation g82g73g3g87g75g72g3g83g82g90g72g85g3g73g79g82g90g3g68g87g3g87g75g72g3g86g82g88g85g70g72g3g86g76g71g72g3g90g76g87g75g
44、3g87g75g72g3g83g75g68g86g72g3g68g81g74g79g72g3g302g15g3depending on different preload conditions. The maximum additional power transferred has been assumed to be 1. It can be seen how the power flow is influenced when the no-load phase angle of the PST is changed from zero to maximum leading phase s
45、hift. The highest increase of active power for the same phase shift appears when a negative reactive power flow exists, i.e., with high capacitive load. An inductive load (positive reactive power) decreases the effect of the PST. The reactive power flow is also influenced by the preload condition. T
46、he active power has a major impact on the influence of the PST angle. -1 0 1 1.50.5-0.5-1010.5-0.5Active Power P (pu)Reactive Power Q (pu)(Cap.) (Ind.)Power Flowg302=0 g198 g302=40Figure 6 Variation of power flow with the phase angg79g72g3g302g3g71g72g83g72g81g71g76g81g74g3g82g81g3g71g76g73g73g72g85
47、g72g81g87g3 preload conditions 4.5 Types of PSTs 4.5.1 Introduction The basic principle to obtain a phase shift is to connect a segment of one phase into another phase. Figure 7 shows an elementary arrangement; the phasor diagrams are drawn for a no-load condition. A PST is used with the exciting wi
48、nding delta connected. The regulating winding of phase V2V3is connected to phase V1and so on. The scheme has been plotted for subtractive polarity of the windings, and the tap position has been chosen so that the transformer produces an advanced phase angle. Under the no-load condition, the regulati
49、on is symmetrical, i.e., the absolute values of source and load voltage are the same. IEC 62032:2012 IEEE Std C57.135-2011 11 Published by IEC under license from IEEE. 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Figure 7 Phasor diagram for the no-load condition Equation (7) through Equation (9) can be used to calculate VS, VL, and Vg507: 11102SVVVg39g32g14 (7)11102LVVVg39g32g16 (8)12030VVVg39g32g16 (9) With consideration of these formulas, the phasor diagram can b
