1、IEEE Std C37.230-2007IEEE Guide for Protective RelayApplications to Distribution LinesIEEE3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA8 February 2008IEEE Power Engineering SocietySponsored by thePower System Relaying CommitteeC37.230TMIEEE Std C37.230-2007 IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications
2、to Distribution Lines Sponsor Power System Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved 27 September 2007 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: A review of generally accepted applications and coordination of protection for radial power system distribution lines is presented. The adv
3、antages and disadvantages of schemes presently being used in protecting distribution lines are examined in this guide. Identification of problems with the methods used in distribution line protection and the solutions for those problems is included. Keywords: coordination, protective reach, radial d
4、istribution line protection, recloser The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2008 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 8 February 2008. Printed in the United States of
5、America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions ofany individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright ClearanceCenter.iv Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction
6、is not part of IEEE Std C37.230-2007, IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Distribution Lines. The art and science of the protective relaying of distribution lines has evolved over many years. This newly developed guide is an effort to compile information on the application considerations
7、 of protective relays to power distribution lines. This guide presents a review of generally accepted distribution line protection schemes. Its purpose is to describe various schemes used for different conditions and situations and to assist relay engineers in selecting the most appropriate scheme f
8、or a particular installation. It is intended for engineers who have a basic knowledge of power system protection. This is an application guide and does not cover all of the protective requirements of all distribution line configurations in every situation. Additional reading material is suggested so
9、 the reader can evaluate the protection for the individual application. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/ reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata pe
10、riodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publicat
11、ion of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patent
12、s Claims, or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. v Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Boa
13、rd for approval, the Guide for Protective Applications to Distribution Lines Working Group had the following membership: William P. Waudby, Chair Randall P. Crellin, Vice Chair John C. Appleyard Ron Beazer Ken Behrendt Martin Best Kenneth A. Birt Gustavo Brunello Jim Burke Pat T. Carroll Albert N. D
14、arlington Ratan Das Ahmed F. Elneweihi Fredric A. Friend Rafael Garcia Irwin O. Hasenwinkle Roger A. Hedding Randy Horton Richard K. Hunt Shoukat Khan Ljubomir Kojovic Ed Krizauskas Raluca Lascu Larry P. Lawhead Walter McCannon Michael J. McDonald Dean H. Miller Anthony P. Napikoski Robert D. Pettig
15、rew Sam N. Sambasivan Mark S. Schroeder Tony Seegers Tarlochan Sidhu Charlie R. Sufana Jon A. Sykes Betty Tobin Joe Uchiyama Ron M. Westfall Inma Zamora Karl V. Zimmerman Stan E. Zocholl vi Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on
16、 this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Steven C. Alexanderson Ali Al Awazi Thomas M. Barnes David L. Bassett Thomas S. Basso Ron Beazer Ken Behrendt Robert W. Beresh W. J. Bergman Martin Best Steven Bezner Wallace B. Binder Kenneth A. Birt
17、 William G. Bloethe Oscar E. Bolado Stuart H. Bouchey Steven R. Brockschink Chris Brooks Gustavo Brunello William A. Byrd Thomas P. Callsen Thomas Carpenter James S. Case John W. Chadwick Stephen P. Conrad Tommy P. Cooper James Cornelison Randy Crellin Stephen Dare Ratan Das F. A. Denbrock Kevin E.
18、Donahoe Michael J. Dood Randall L. Dotson Paul R. Drum Donald G. Dunn Gary Engmann Marcel Fortin Fredric A. Friend Jeffrey G. Gilbert Manuel Gonzalez Ron K. Greenthaler Stephen E. Grier Randall C. Groves Kenneth Hanus Roger A. Hedding Michael Henry Charles F. Henville Scott J. Hietpas Jerry W. Hohn
19、Randy Horton James D. Huddleston David W. Jackson Innocent Kamwa Peter J. Kemp Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger David W. Krause Ed Krizauskas Jim Kulchisky Chung-Yiu Lam Raluca Lascu Federico Lopez William G. Lowe G. Luri Omar S. Mazzoni Walter McCannon Michael J. McDonald Mark F. McGranaghan Gary
20、L. Michel Dean H. Miller Charles A. Morse Kimberly Y. Mosley Jerry R. Murphy George R. Nail Anthony P. Napikoski Dennis K. Neitzel Arthur S. Neubauer Michael S. Newman Joe W. Nims James M. OBrien Lorraine K. Padden Joshua S. Park Donald M. Parker Robert D. Pettigrew Iulian E. Profir Michael A. Rober
21、ts Charles W. Rogers Thomas J. Rozek M. S. Sachdev Steven Sano Thomas Schossig Tony Seegers Bogdan Seliger Hyeong J. Sim Mark S. Simon Douglas W. Smith James E. Smith Jerry W. Smith Joshua B. Smith Charlie R. Sufana Richard P. Taylor S. H. Telander S. Thamilarasan Demetrios A. Tziouvaras Joe D. Wats
22、on William P. Waudby Lee E. Welch Kenneth White James W. Wilson Philip B. Winston James A. Ziebarth Karl V. Zimmerman Donald W. Zipse Ahmed F. Zobaa vii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 27 September 2007, it had the following membershi
23、p: Steve M. Mills, Chair Robert M. Grow, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Richard DeBlasio Alex Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Joanna N. Guenin Kenneth S. Hanus William B. Hopf Richard H. Hulett Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Gle
24、nn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Narayanan Ramachandran Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia C. Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Agga
25、rwal, NRC Representative Michael H. Kelley, NIST Representative Don Messina IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 1 3. Definitions
26、 2 4. Fundamentals 2 4.1 Fault characteristics . 2 4.2 Load characteristics . 4 4.3 Harmonics and transients. 4 4.4 Interrupting ratings 7 5. System configuration and components. 7 5.1 System . 7 5.2 Lines 28 5.3 TransformerDistribution substation. 29 5.4 Protective devices 30 5.5 Switching. 32 5.6
27、Instrument transformers (sensing) . 32 6. Protective schemes . 39 6.1 Overcurrent scheme. 39 6.2 Fuse saving/blowing schemes 41 6.3 Voltage scheme 43 6.4 Impedance and communications assisted schemes 46 7. Criteria and examples. 46 7.1 Reach/sensitivity 47 7.2 Coordination 52 7.3 Clearing time . 58
28、7.4 Reclosing (79 function) . 59 7.5 Cold load pickup 60 7.6 Adaptive relaying cold load. 60 7.7 Fuse saving 61 8. Special applications 62 8.1 Parallel lines 62 8.2 Automation 62 8.3 Load shedding 64 8.4 Adaptive relaying schemes 65 viii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. 8.5 Multiple faults
29、65 8.6 Sympathetic tripping 66 8.7 Distributed resources . 66 8.8 Communications 69 8.9 Multiple source configurations 72 8.10 Directional overcurrent relay. 73 8.11 Motors (effects of unbalance) 75 8.12 Breaker failure . 77 8.13 Single-phase tripping. 78 8.14 Resonant grounding in distribution syst
30、ems 79 8.15 Selective ground fault protection of an ungrounded system 82 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 85 Annex B (informative) Glossary 89 ix Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Distribution Lin
31、es 1. Overview This guide is divided into eight clauses. Clause 1 provides the scope and purpose of this guide. Clause 2 lists referenced documents that are indispensable when applying this guide. Clause 3 provides definitions that are not found in other standards. Clause 4 gives an explanation of d
32、istribution fundamentals. Clause 5 discusses system configuration and components. Clause 6 explains the characteristics of protective schemes. Criteria and examples are discussed in Clause 7, including margins and normal considerations. Clause 8 has several special applications and considerations fo
33、r distribution line protection. This guide also contains two annexes. Annex A provides the bibliography, and Annex B contains a glossary of terms defined in other IEEE standards. 1.1 Scope The scope of this guide is to discuss the application and coordination of protection for radial power-system di
34、stribution lines. It includes the descriptions of the fundamentals, line configurations, and schemes. In addition to these, the scope includes identification of problems with the methods used in distribution line protection and the solutions for those problems. 1.2 Purpose This guide educates and pr
35、ovides information on distribution protection schemes to utility engineers, consultants, educators, and manufacturers. The guide examines the advantages and disadvantages of schemes presently used in protecting distribution lines. This provides the user with the rationale for determining the best ap
36、proach for protecting an electric power distribution system. 2. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this guide (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is e
37、xplained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. IEEE Std C37.230-2007 IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Distribution Lines 2 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All
38、 rights reserved. IEEE Std C57.13, IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers.1,2IEEE Std C62.92.4, IEEE Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utility Systems, Part IVDistribution. 3. Definitions For the purposes of this guide, the following terms and definitions a
39、pply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms B293should be referenced for terms not defined in this clause. 3.1 distributed resources (DRs): Power sources such as generators, photovoltaic units, fuel cells, etc., connected on distribution circuits and dispersed throughout the utility d
40、istribution system. 3.2 distribution automation: A technique used to limit the outage duration and restore service to customers through fault location identification and automatic switching. 3.3 interrupting medium: The material used to facilitate the interruption of the arc during opening of a swit
41、ching device. 3.4 polarizing voltage: The input voltage to a relay that provides a reference for establishing the direction of the operating current. 3.5 sympathetic tripping: The phenomena where an unfaulted interrupting device trips for a fault on a nearby circuit, usually caused by current inrush
42、 on the device after the faulted feeders interrupting device opens and the system voltage returns to normal. 3.6 varmetric relays: Relays that respond to the quadrature (imaginary) component current compared to the polarizing voltage. 3.7 wattmetric relays: Relays that respond to the in-phase (real)
43、 component current as compared to the polarizing voltage. 4. Fundamentals 4.1 Fault characteristics 4.1.1 Type and calculation Faults occur on overhead and underground electric distribution systems with regularity. It is not feasible to design distribution systems to eliminate the possibility of fau
44、lts from occurring. Faults can be caused by a number of sources including the following: Weather (such as wind, lightning, extreme temperature, and precipitation) Equipment failure Forestry contact Public contact (including pole and overhead contacts and underground dig-ins) 1IEEE publications are a
45、vailable from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 2The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3The numbers in brackets
46、 correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A. IEEE Std C37.230-2007 IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Distribution Lines 3 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Animal contact Vandalism Vehicle accidents When faults occur, they can present hazards to the general public and u
47、tility personnel, and can cause damage to distribution facilities. Protective systems are applied to sense short circuit conditions (faults), clear faults in a timely fashion, and limit the effects to the smallest practical portion of the distribution system. Different types of faults can occur on d
48、istribution systems. The design of the grounding configuration of a given distribution system such as a three-wire ungrounded or four-wire effectively grounded system determines the short circuit characteristics associated with different types of faults. Fault types commonly experienced include the
49、following: Three-phase Phase-to-phase Phase-to-ground or single-line-to-ground Two-phase-to-ground Most faults are temporary in nature. Common causes of temporary faults are wildlife, wind, and lightning. Some faults are permanent in nature, such as those caused by equipment failures or dig-ins. Often, on distribution systems, faults can evolve from one type to another, such as a phase-to-ground fault flashing over and involving another phase. In some cases, the fault current magnitude will change through the course of the fault event as
