1、 IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems Sponsored by the Power System Relaying Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 28 December 2011IEEE Power +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can al
2、so be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C37.118.1-2011, IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems. The original synchrophasor standard was IEEE Std 1344-1995 B5.aIt was replaced by IEEE Std C37.118-2005 B8. Th
3、is has now been split into two standards: IEEE Std 37.118.1-2011 (this standard), covering measurement provisions, and IEEE Std 37.118.2-2011 B9, covering data communication. Both standards contain the previous material with updates and additional provisions. In this standard, additional clarificati
4、on is provided for the phasor and synchronized phasor definitions. The concepts of total vector error (TVE) and compliance tests are retained and expanded, tests over temperature variation have been added, and dynamic performance tests have been introduced. In addition, limits and characteristics of
5、 frequency measurement and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) measurement have been developed. Annex C includes a system model intended to verify the ability to implement the required performance measures. The model is meant as a reference benchmark only; it is assumed that many real implementation
6、s will surpass this model in performance. Phasors are used in many protection and data acquisition functions. By referencing them to a common time base they become comparable over a wide area of measurement. A synchrophasor is a phasor value obtained from voltage or current waveforms and precisely r
7、eferenced to a common time base. Simultaneous measurement sets derived from synchronized phasors provide a vastly improved method for tracking power system dynamic phenomena for improved power system monitoring, protection, operation, and control. The intent of any instrument connected to the power
8、grid is to monitor power system parameters. The intent of this standard is to describe and quantify the performance of the phasor measurement unit (PMU) instrument deployed to monitor the power grid. The PMU extracts the parameters magnitude, phase angle, frequency, and ROCOF from the signals appear
9、ing at its input terminals. These signals may be corrupted by harmonic content, noise, and changes in state caused by system loads, and control and protective actions. Some examples are harmonics introduced by large non-linear loads, step changes in phase introduced by switched reactive elements, an
10、d random noise from arc furnaces. These artifacts complicate the process of measuring the generation and load characteristics at or near the system fundamental frequency. The filtering associated with the computation of the synchrophasors rejects the undesirable signal components appearing at the PM
11、U input within the limits provided by the filter attenuation. The frequency is computed as the first derivative of the synchrophasor phase angle, and ROCOF is computed as the second derivative of the same phase angle. These two quantities are less reliable measurements, particularly ROCOF, because t
12、hey are more sensitive to undesirable components in the signal like harmonics, off-nominal components, or noise. This standard presents a set of PMU performance requirements to ensure that compliant instruments will perform similarly when presented with this suite of test signals. The user shall be
13、aware that in the presence of the previously mentioned undesirable components in the input signal, higher measurement errors could result. These errors may be substantial, particularly where higher order derivatives (such as ROCOF) are used. Signal processing alternatives may be employed to reduce o
14、r eliminate these errors. They are difficult to implement in a real-time environment and could adversely affect the measurement latency or the synchrophasor measurement response time. Alternatives are neither described nor evaluated in this document. aThe numbers in brackets correspond to those of t
15、he bibliography in Annex A. iv Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requiremen
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21、he IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/findstds/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to
22、check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/findstds/interps/index.html. v Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard
23、may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be req
24、uired, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this stan
25、dard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. vi Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii Copyright 2
26、011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this standard was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems Working Group had the following membership: Kenneth Martin, Chair Bogdan Kasztenny, Vice Chair Mark Adamiak Scott Anderson
27、 Galina Antonova Miroslav Begovic Gabriel Benmouyal Gustavo Brunello Bill Dickerson Juan Gers Allen Goldstein Hank Hechun Yi Hu Mladen Kezunovic Harold Kirkham Jay Murphy Krish Narendra Arun Phadke Tevfik Sezi Veselin Skendzic Jerry Stenbakken Eric Udren John Wang The following members of the indivi
28、dual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Mark Adamiak Eric Allen M. Victoria Alonso Galina Antonova James Ariza Jack Arnold Ali Al Awazi David Bassett Philip Beaumont Kenneth Behrendt Oscar Bolado Gustavo
29、Brunello Arvind K. Chaudhary Luis Coronado Randall Crellin Gary Donner Michael Dood Randall Dotson Gary Engmann Herbert Falk Fredric Friend Vasudev S. Gharpure Jeffrey Gilbert Mietek Glinkowski Jalal Gohari Allen Goldstein Roman Graf Stephen Grier Randall C. Groves Roger Hedding Jerry Hohn C. Huntle
30、y Gerald Johnson Innocent Kamwa Bogdan Kasztenny Yuri Khersonsky James Kinney Joseph L. Koepfinger Jim Kulchisky Chung-Yiu Lam Raluca Lascu Kenneth Martin Pierre Martin John McDonald Michael McDonald Harish Mehta Gary Michel Adi Mulawarman Jerry Murphy R. Murphy Bruce Muschlitz Michael S. Newman Moh
31、amed Omran Dean Ouellette Lorraine Padden Donald Parker Mark Peterson Robert Pettigrew Bruce Pickett Farnoosh Rahmatian Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Miriam Sanders Steven Sano Bartien Sayogo Thomas Schossig Robert Seitz Jose Antonio De La O Serna Gil Shultz Mark Simon Veselin Skendzic James Smith
32、Jerry Smith Gary Stoedter Charles Sufana Richard Taylor William Taylor Demetrios Tziouvaras Joe Uchiyama Eric Udren John Vergis Ilia Voloh Roel Vries John Wang Kenneth White Thomas Wiedman Ray Young Jian Yu Sergio Zimath When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 7 December 2011, it
33、had the following membership: Richard H. Hulett, Chair John Kulick, Vice Chair Robert M. Grow, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Masayuki Ariyoshi William Bartley Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Wael Diab Jean-Philippe Faure Alexander Gelman Paul Houz Jim Hughes Joseph L. Koepfinger* David J. Law Thomas L
34、ee Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Gary Robinson Jon Walter Rosdahl Sam Sciacca Mike Seavey Curtis Siller Phil Winston Howard L. Wolfman Don Wright *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio,
35、DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Don Messina IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Soo H. Kim IEEE Standards Project Manager viii Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 1.3 General overview. 2 1.4 Need for th
36、is standard 2 2. Normative references 3 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 3 3.1 Definitions . 3 3.2 Special terms 4 3.3 Acronyms and abbreviations . 4 4. Synchrophasor measurement 5 4.1 Phasor definition 5 4.2 Synchrophasor definition. 5 4.3 Measurement time synchronization. 7 5. Synchroph
37、asor measurement requirements and compliance verification. 8 5.1 Synchrophasor estimation 8 5.2 Frequency and rate of change of frequency estimation . 8 5.3 Measurement evaluation 9 5.4 Measurement reporting 10 5.5 Measurement compliance 12 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 24 Annex B (informativ
38、e) Time tagging and dynamic response. 25 Annex C (informative) Reference signal processing models . 29 Annex D (informative) Time and synchronization communication . 38 Annex E (informative) TVE evaluation and PMU testing44 Annex F (informative) Generator voltage and power angle measurement. 48 ix C
39、opyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, se
40、curity, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Not
41、ice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This standard is for synchronized phasor measurement systems in power systems. It defines a synchron
42、ized phasor (synchrophasor), frequency, and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) measurements. It describes time tag and synchronization requirements for measurement of all three of these quantities. It specifies methods for evaluating these measurements and requirements for compliance with the stand
43、ard under both static and dynamic conditions. It defines a phasor measurement unit (PMU), which can be a stand-alone physical unit or a functional unit within another physical unit. This standard does not specify hardware, software, or a method for computing phasors, frequency, or ROCOF. 1.2 Purpose
44、 This standard defines synchronized phasor and frequency measurements in substations along with methods and requirements for measurement verification. Measurements compliant with the standard and taken at various locations in the power system can be readily and accurately combined for power system a
45、nalysis and operations. Time tag and other essential associations are also described to facilitate communication and reliable data application. Communication and recording of phasor measurements are covered in other standards, such as the companion standard IEEE Std C37.118.2-2011 B9.11The numbers i
46、n brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A. 1 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std C37.118.1-2011 IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems 1.3 General overview This standard covers synchronized phasor measurements used in electric power systems.
47、 It defines the measurement, provides methods of quantifying the measurements, defines performance tests, and specifies acceptable limits. The following clauses are provided: Clause 1 provides the scope and needs for the standard. Clause 2 references other standards that are related or may be useful
48、 in the study and application of this standard. Clause 3 defines terms and abbreviations found in this standard. Clause 4 defines the measurement. Clause 5 defines measurement requirements, a method of quantifying the measurement, a test method, and accuracy limits. Six informative annexes are also
49、provided to clarify the standard and give supporting information, as follows: Annex A is a bibliography. Annex B explores the effects of time tagging and transient response relevant to this measurement technique. Annex C provides the algorithms that were used to confirm the performance requirements. Annex D discusses time synchronization. Annex E explains the total vector error (TVE) concept of measurement quality and gives plots of error results. Annex F describes two methods that can be used for measuring the internal voltages and power an
