1、IEEE Std C37.117-2007IEEE Guide for the Application ofProtective Relays Used for AbnormalFrequency Load Shedding andRestorationIEEE3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA24 August 2007IEEE Power Engineering SocietySponsored by thePower Systems Relaying CommitteeC37.117TMIEEE Std C37.117-2007 IEEE
2、 Guide for the Application of Protective Relays Used for Abnormal Frequency Load Shedding and Restoration Sponsor Power Systems Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved 8 March 2007 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: Information on the application of underfrequency load shedd
3、ing and restoration to ac power systems is compiled in this guide. Various system conditions that may require the use of underfrequency load shedding and the application of protective relays to various methods of performing underfrequency load shedding are described in this guide. Some practical exa
4、mples of underfrequency load shedding applications are also provided. Keywords: protective relaying, relay applications, relaying, underfrequency _ The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2007 by the Institute of Electrical an
5、d Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 24 August 2007. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained thro
6、ugh the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C37.117-2007, IEEE Guide for the Application of Protective Relays Used for Abnormal Frequency Load Shedding and Restoration. This is a new guide that addresses the application of protective relays used for loa
7、d shedding and restoration during electric power system abnormal frequency conditions. It presents background information, bibliography, and recommendations. It discusses abnormal frequency power system behavior, existing load shedding and restoration practices, the abnormal frequency function of ty
8、pical protective relays, and possible new methods for improved load shedding and restoration. This guide is limited to electric power system applications and does not include abnormal frequency protection for power generating plants. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other stan
9、dards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/ interp/in
10、dex.html. PatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE sh
11、all not be responsible for identifying patents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. iv Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. v Copy
12、right 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the C9 Under-frequency Load Shedding and Restoration Working Group had the following membership: Alexander Apostolov, Chair Kenneth C. Behrendt, Vice Chair Ron Beazer
13、Miroslav Begovic Gabriel Bennmouyal Kenneth A. Birt Brent Brobak Arvind Chaudhary Al Darlington Mike DeCesaris Tom Domin David Emigh John Ferraro Bill Feero Wayne Hartmann Rich Hunt Mohamed Ibrahim Gerald F. Johnson Dan Karlsson Ali Kazemi Ljubomir Kojovic Marc Lacroix Tom Lanigan David Leonhardt Va
14、hid Madani Dean H. Miller Pratap Mysore Mukesh Nagpal Damir Novosel Murari Saha Hong Ming Shuh Tarlocham Sidhu Michael J. Thompson Demetrios A. Tziouvaras Eric Udren Benton Vandiver Don Ware Ray Young Richard C. Young The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard
15、. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Steven C. Alexanderson Ali Al Awazi Munnu Bajpai Thomas M. Barnes G. J. Bartok Michael J. Basler David L. Bassett Kenneth C. Behrendt Wallace B. Binder, Jr. Kenneth A. Birt Oscar E. Bolado Stuart H. Bouchey Stev
16、en R. Brockschink Chris Brooks Gustavo A. Brunello Tommy P. Cooper James R. Cornelison Luis M. Coronado Randall P. Crellin J. P. Disciullo Michael J. Dood Randall L. Dotson Paul R. Drum Donald G. Dunn Paul R. Elkin Gary R. Engmann Fredric A. Friend Frank J. Gerleve Jeffrey G. Gilbert Manuel M. Gonza
17、lez Stephen E. Grier Randall C. Groves Roger A. Hedding Gary A. Heuston Jerry W. Hohn Dennis Horwitz James D. Huddleston, III Gerald F. Johnson Hermann Koch David W. Krause Edward Krizauskas Jim Kulchisky Federico Lopez William G. Lowe William Lumpkins G. L. Luri Vahid Madani Keith N. Malmedal Omar
18、S. Mazzoni Walter P. McCannon Mark F. McGranaghan Gary L. Michel Dean H. Miller Joydeep Mitra Charles A. Morse Karl N. Mortensen George R. Nail Michael S. Newman Gary L. Nissen James M. OBrien Robert D. Pettigrew Charles W. Rogers M. S. Sachdev Steven Sano Bogdan Seliger Paul B. Sullivan Richard P.
19、Taylor S. Thamilarasan Michael J. Thompson Demetrios A. Tziouvaras Joe D. Watson William P. Waudby Kenneth D. White James W. Wilson, Jr. Richard C. Young Luis E. Zambrano When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 8 March 2007, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Robe
20、rt M. Grow, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Narayanan Ramachandran Richard H. Hulett Richard DeBlasio Greg Ratta Hermann Koch Alex Gelman Robby Robson Joseph L. Koepfinger* William R. Goldbach Anne-Marie Sahazizian John Kulick Arnold M. Greenspan Virginia C. Sulzberger* Da
21、vid J. Law Joanna N. Guenin Malcolm V. Thaden Glenn Parsons Julian Forster* Richard L. Townsend Ronald C. Petersen Kenneth S. Hanus Howard L. Wolfman Tom A. Prevost William B. Hopf *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Re
22、presentative Alan H. Cookson, NIST Representative Virginia C. Sulzberger, Member/TAB Representative Jennie Steinhagen IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development vi Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii
23、Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative References 1 3. Description of system conditions addressed in this guide 2 4. Normal and abnormal frequency operation of electrical power systems and its effect on equipment in the system . 3 4.
24、1 Power system dynamic 3 4.2 Abnormal frequency operation of power systems.4 5. Underfrequency load shedding and restoration philosophy . 6 6. Underfrequency load shedding methods 8 6.1 Manual/SCADA load shedding. 8 6.2 Automatic load shedding. 8 6.3 Local 9 6.4 Wide area underfrequency load sheddin
25、g . 11 7. Load restoration methods . 12 8. Frequency relays, measuring principles, and characteristics 13 8.1 Electromechanical relays. 13 8.2 Solid-state (static) relays . 13 8.3 Microprocessor (digital) relays 14 9. Operating principles . 14 9.1 Fixed frequency. 14 9.2 Rate of change of frequency
26、df/dt . 15 9.3 Average rate of change f/ t . 18 viii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. 10. Scheme design 19 10.1 Dependability and security 19 10.2 Redundant frequency relays sensing multiple voltage sources . 19 10.3 Current and voltage supervision 19 10.4 Directional power supervision. 22
27、10.5 Rate-of-frequency-change supervision 22 11. Effects of voltage change on frequency load shedding 23 12. Existing frequency load shedding and restoration practices 24 12.1 NERC: 2003 underfrequency load shed criteria 24 12.2 Nordel underfrequency load shed criteria . 26 12.3 France, Electricite
28、de France underfrequency load shedding 26 12.4 Ireland, Electricity Supply Board underfrequency load shedding and automatic frequency restoration 27 12.5 Industrial applications . 28 13. Setting and performance criteria 29 13.1 Performance criteria 29 13.2 Setting guidelines for abnormal frequency l
29、oad shedding 30 14. Maintenance, testing, and reliability. 31 14.1 Frequency protection elements 32 14.2 Rate-of-change elements . 32 14.3 Average rate-of-change elements 33 14.4 Testing of load shedding schemes. 34 14.5 Testing of load restoration schemes 34 15. Examples 34 15.1 Practical applicati
30、on of load shedding. 34 15.2 Historical examples of underfrequency load shedding during system disturbances . 36 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 40 1 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Guide for the Application of Protective Relays Used for Abnormal Frequency Load Shedding and Resto
31、ration 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This document serves as a guide for the application of protective relays used for load shedding and restoration during electric power system abnormal frequency conditions. It presents background information, a bibliography, and recommendations. It discusses abnormal freq
32、uency power system behavior, existing load shedding and restoration practices, the abnormal frequency function of typical protective relays, and possible new methods for improved load shedding and restoration. This guide is limited to electric power system applications and does not include abnormal
33、frequency protection for power generating plants. 1.2 Purpose There is currently no IEEE guide for the application of protective relays used for load shedding and restoration during electric power system abnormal frequency conditions. This guide complements IEEE Std C37.106-2003 B35.1It provides inf
34、ormation to assist in the application of load shedding and restoration schemes. Methods and examples are provided. 2. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated refe
35、rences, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. 1The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A. IEEE Std C37.117-2007 IEEE Guide for the Application of Protective Relays Used for Abnormal Frequency Load Shedding and
36、 Restoration 2 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Arrilaga, J., and Harker, B. J., Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems, 1st ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1983, pp. 220222. Bjerg, G. J., “System and load behavior following loss of generation” IEE Proceedings, vol. 119, no. 10,
37、Oct. 1972. Fink, L. H., et al., “Emergency control practices,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-104, no. 9, pp. 23362341, Sept. 1985. Mandozzi, M., et al., “Recent improvements of emergency control of ENEL power system in interconnected and isolated operation,” Proceedings
38、of the CIGRE Conference, Paris, France, 1992, Paper 39-302. Ohura, Y., et al., “Microprocessor based stabilizing control equipment for survival of isolated mid-city power system,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. PWRD-1, Oct. 1986, pp. 99104.2, 3Working Group on Methods of System Preservati
39、on During Underfrequency Conditions, “A status report on methods used for system preservation during underfrequency conditions,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-94, no. 2, Mar./Apr. 1975, pp. 360366. 3. Description of system conditions addressed in this guide The predomina
40、nt system condition addressed in this guide involves the use of protective relays for underfrequency shedding of connected load in the event of insufficient generation or transmission capacity within a power system. When load and supply for an isolated portion of the power system are unequal, the ge
41、nerators in that area will speed up if there is a surplus of generation or slow down if there is a deficit. When the load in a power system significantly exceeds generation, the system can survive only if enough load is separated from the system with a shortage in generation to cause generator outpu
42、t to be equal to or slightly above the connected load. The generation deficiency most often results from the loss of a major transmission line or transformer that is involved in a large transfer of power within the power system or between interconnected systems. Unplanned loss of a major generation
43、source may also cause the deficiency. Frequency is a reliable indicator that such a deficiency condition exists on the power system. Underfrequency load shedding is performed in order to minimize the risk of a further uncontrolled system separation, loss of generation, or system shutdown. If suffici
44、ent load is shed to preserve interconnections and keep generators online, the system can be restored rapidly. If the system collapses, a prolonged outage will result. Underfrequency load shedding plans are based on studies of a systems dynamic performance, given the greatest probable imbalance betwe
45、en load and generation. Plans should be coordinated between interconnected power systems as well as with underfrequency isolation of generating units, tripping of shunt capacitors, and other automatic actions that occur in the system under abnormal frequency, voltage, or power flow conditions. In th
46、e case of ties to industrial and commercial customers that have local generation, underfrequency load shedding can be used to quickly remove non-essential industrial load in an effort to match essential industrial load to the available generation in the event the utility supply is lost. Underfrequen
47、cy relaying can also be utilized to sense disturbances and separate power systems by opening system ties. This requires close coordination between interconnected power systems. Similar relaying can 2IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes
48、Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 3The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. IEEE Std C37.117-2007 IEEE Guide for the Application of Protective Relays Used for Abnormal Frequ
49、ency Load Shedding and Restoration 3 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. be utilized to separate non-utility generation from the utility power system during system disturbances, but this must be closely coordinated with the underfrequency load shedding schemes utilized on the host system. After an underfrequency load shedding event, frequency relays can be utilized to automatically restore or supervise the restoration of load to a power system. Sufficient time delay should be employed to assure that the power system is stable prio
