1、IEEE Std C37.109-2006(Revision ofIEEE Std C37.109-1988)IEEE Guide for the Protection ofShunt ReactorsI E E E3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA20 April 2007IEEE Power Engineering SocietySponsored by thePower System Relaying CommitteeIEEE Std C37.109-2006(R2012) (Revision of IEEE Std C37.109-1
2、988) IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Reactors Sponsor Power System Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Reaffirmed 29 March 2012Approved 6 December 2006IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: A comprehensive guide to the methods and configurations for the protection of power sys
3、tem shunt reactors is provided in this guide. The protection of oil-immersed reactors equipped with auxiliary power windings, improved turn-to-turn protection, and use of digital (microprocessor-based) protection for shunt reactors are included. Keywords: air-core, auxiliary power winding, circuit s
4、witcher, dry-type reactors, microprocessor-based relays, neutral reactor, oil-immersed, pole disagreement, protection, protective relay, reactance, resonance, series-compensated, shunt reactors, turn-to-turn, voltage-unbalance relaying _ The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3
5、Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2007 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 20 April 2007. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy po
6、rtions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C37.109-2006, IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Reactors. This guide covers protection of shunt reactors used typic
7、ally to compensate for capacitive shunt reactance of transmission lines. A survey of shunt reactor protection, conducted in 1979 by the Shunt Reactor Protection Working Group of the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee B16,awas used as a reference to determine common circuit arrangements and protect
8、ive relaying schemes for this guide. This revision includes additional equipment arrangements and provides more detail to selected protective schemes. Other arrangements or special applications of reactors such as harmonic filter banks, static var compensation (SVC), high-voltage direct current (HVD
9、C), or current-limiting reactors are not specifically addressed; however, the protective methods described in this guide are usually applicable to this equipment. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/r
10、eading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. PatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementa
11、tion of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents or patent applications f
12、or which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. _ aThe numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A. iv Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved
13、. Participants At the time this guide was completed, the Shunt Reactor Protection Working Group had the following membership: Kevin A. Stephan, Chair Pratap Mysore, Vice Chair John Appleyard Munnu Bajpai Simon Chano Arvind Chaudhary Roger Hedding Charles Henville Dean Miller Vittal Rebbapragada Jim
14、Stephens The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William Ackerman Ali Al Awazi Steve Alexanderson Paul Barnhart George Bartok Kenneth Behrendt W. J. Bergman Edward Bertolini Behdad Biglar Wall
15、ace Binder Thomas Blackburn Thomas Blair William Bloethe Oscar Bolado Stuart Bouchey Gustavo Brunello Carl Bush Donald Cash Simon R. Chano Tommy Cooper Luis Coronado John Crouse R. Daubert Byron Davenport Paul Drum Fred Elliott Walter Elmore Ahmed Elneweihi Gary Engmann Jorge Fernandez-Daher Anthony
16、 Giuliante Randall Groves Robert Grunert Ajit Gwal N. Kent Haggerty Roger Hedding Charles Henville Jerry Hohn Edward Horgan, Jr. John Horwath James D. Huddleston, III David Jackson Clark Jacobson Lars-Erik Juhlin Gael R. Kennedy Joseph Koepfinger Stephen R. Lambert Gerald Lee Jason Lin Gregory Luri
17、Jesus Martinez Frank Mayle Michael McDonald Nigel McQuin Mike Meisinger Gary Michel Dean Miller Brian Mugalian Anthony Napikoski Jeffrey Nelson Subhash Patel Wes Patterson Carlos Peixoto Paul Pillitteri Gustay Preininger Madan Rana Radhakrishna Rebbapragada Johannes Rickmann Charles Rogers Dinesh Sa
18、nkarakurup Devki Sharma Michael Sharp Hong-Ming Shuh Tarlochan Sidhu H. Jin Sim Mark Simon James E. Smith Joshua Smith R. Kirkland Smith Kevin A. Stephan Peter Stevens Ronald Stoner Charles Sufana John C. Sullivan Rick Taylor Demetrios Tziouvaras Eric Udren Charles Wagner Tom Wandeloski Joe Watson J
19、ames Wilson Philip Winston Larry Yonce Xi Zhu v Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 6 December 2006, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Richard H. Hulett, Vice Chair Don Wri
20、ght, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Mark D. Bowman Dennis B. Brophy William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Robert M. Grow Joanna N. Guenin Julian Forster* Mark S. Halpin Kenneth S. Hanus William B. Hopf Joseph L. Koepfinger* David J. Law Daleep C. Mohla T. W. Olsen Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Pete
21、rsen Tom A. Prevost Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Walter Weigel Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBl
22、asio, DOE Representative Alan H. Cookson, NIST Representative Michelle D. Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 1 3. Defini
23、tions 1 4. Use of reactors 2 5. Reactor construction and characteristics 2 5.1 Dry type. 2 5.2 Oil-immersed. 2 6. Typical reactor protection. 3 7. Dry-type reactorsapplication and protection. 3 7.1 Reactor connections. 3 7.2 Failure modes and types of faults 5 7.3 System considerations . 5 7.4 Relay
24、ing practices 6 8. Oil-immersed reactorsapplication and protection. 9 8.1 Reactor connections. 9 8.2 Failure modes and types of faults 9 8.3 System considerations . 12 8.4 Relaying practices 14 9. Summary of shunt reactor protection . 25 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 28 vii Copyright 2007 IEE
25、E. All rights reserved. 1 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Reactors 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This guide includes description of acceptable protective relay practices applied to power system shunt reactors. The guide covers protection for dry-type (air-cor
26、e) and oil-immersed type reactors used on power system buses and lines. Also included in this guide are the protection of oil-immersed reactors equipped with auxiliary power windings, improved turn-to-turn fault protection, and use of digital (microprocessor-based) relays for shunt reactor protectio
27、n. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this guide is to provide users of shunt reactors acceptable methods and configurations for the protection of power system shunt reactors. 2. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated referen
28、ces, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. IEEE Std C37.015-1993, IEEE Application Guide for Shunt Reactor Switching.1, 2IEEE Std C62.22, IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-Oxide Su
29、rge Arresters for Alternating-Current Systems. 3. Definitions For definitions of terms used in this guide, see The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms B83and IEEE Std C37.100-1992 B10. 1IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445
30、 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 2The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A. IEEE Std C37.109-20
31、06 IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Reactors 4. 5.5.15.2Use of reactors Shunt reactors can be used to provide inductive reactance to compensate for the effects of high charging current of long transmission lines and pipe-type cables. For light load conditions, this charging current can produce
32、 more leading reactive power than the system can absorb with the consequent risk of instability or excessive high voltages at the line terminals (Ferranti effect). Reactor construction and characteristics The two general types of construction used for shunt reactors are dry-type and oil-immersed. Th
33、e construction features of each type, along with variations in design, are discussed in 5.1 and 5.2. Dry type Dry-type shunt reactors generally are limited to voltages through 138 kV and can be directly connected to a transmission line or applied on the tertiary of a transformer that is connected to
34、 the transmission line being compensated. The reactors are of the air-core (coreless) type, open to the atmosphere, suitable for indoor or outdoor application. Natural convection of ambient air is generally used for cooling the unit by arranging the windings so as to permit free circulation of air b
35、etween layers and turns. The layers and turns are supported mechanically by bracing members or supports made from materials such as ceramics, glass polyester, and concrete. The reactors are constructed as single-phase units and are mounted on base insulators or insulating pedestals that provide the
36、insulation to ground and the support for the reactor. Since the dry-type shunt reactor has no housing or shielding, a high-intensity external magnetic field is produced when the reactor is energized. Care is thus required in specifying the clearances and arrangement of the reactor units, mounting pa
37、d, station structure, and any metal enclosure around the reactor or in the proximity of the reactor. A closed metallic loop in the vicinity of the reactor can produce losses, heating, and arcing at poor joints; therefore, it is important to avoid these loops or to maintain sufficient separation dist
38、ances. The magnitude of current induced in the loop, which is responsible for extra losses and heating, is dependent on the orientation of the loop with respect to the reactor, impedance of the loop, size of the loop, and distance of the loop from the reactor. Another consideration is the effect of
39、the magnetic fields on the impedance deviation between phases. Methods of minimizing the deviations include adequate separation or arranging the reactors in an equilateral-triangle physical configuration. Deviation from impedance values for reactors will result in a deviation from the actual rating
40、in megavars. The deviation issue as it applies to relaying is discussed in 7.4.3. The reactor manufacturer can provide guidance regarding appropriate clearances or recommendations to minimize stray heating, losses, and impedance deviations. For the same range of applications, the primary advantages
41、of dry-type air-core reactors, compared to oil-immersed types, include lower initial and operating costs, lower weight, lower losses, and the absence of insulating oil and its maintenance. The main limitation for the application of dry-type air-core reactors is that of connection voltage where the r
42、eactor size becomes prohibitive for higher transmission system voltages. Since these reactors do not have an iron core, there is no magnetizing inrush current when the reactor is energized. Oil-immersed The two design configurations of oil-immersed shunt reactors are coreless type and gapped iron-co
43、re type. Both designs are subject to low-frequency long time-constant currents during de-energizing, determined by the parallel combination of the inductance of the reactor and the line capacitance. However, the gapped iron-core design is subject to more severe energizing inrush than the coreless ty
44、pe. Most coreless shunt 2 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std C37.109-2006 IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Reactors reactor designs have a magnetic circuit (magnetic shield) that surrounds the coil to contain the flux within the reactor tank. The steel core-leg that normally pr
45、ovides a magnetic flux path through the coil of a power transformer is replaced (when constructing coreless reactors) by insulating support structures. This type of construction results in an inductor that is linear with respect to voltage. The magnetic circuit of a gapped iron-core reactor is const
46、ructed in a manner very similar to that used for power transformers with the exception that small gaps are introduced in the iron core to improve the linearity of inductance of the reactor and to reduce residual or remanent flux when compared to a reactor without a gapped core. Oil-immersed shunt re
47、actors can be constructed as single-phase or three-phase units and are very similar in external appearance to that of conventional power transformers. They are designed for either self-cooling or forced-cooling. 6.7.7.1Typical reactor protection The following two basic shunt reactor configurations a
48、re considered: a) Dry-type, connected ungrounded wye to the impedance-grounded tertiary of a power transformer b) Oil-immersed, wye-connected, with a solidly-grounded or impedance-grounded neutral, connected to the transmission system Major fault protection for dry-type reactors can be achieved thro
49、ugh overcurrent, differential, or negative-sequence relaying schemes, or by a combination of these relaying schemes. Protection for low-level turn-to-turn faults can be provided by a voltage-unbalance relay scheme connected at the neutral with compensation for inherent unbalance of system voltages and the tolerances of the reactor. Major fault protection for oil-immersed reactors can be achieved through overcurrent relaying, differential relaying, or a combination of both. Protection for low-level turn-to-turn faults
