1、IEEE Std 691-2001 IEEE Standards 691 TM IEEE Guide for Transmission Structure Foundation Design and Testing Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 26 December 2001 IEEE Power Engineering Society Sponsored by the Transmissi
2、on and Distribution Committee and the American Society of Civil Engineers Sponsored by the Transmission Structure Foundation Design Standard Committee IEEE Standards Print: SH94786 PDF: SS94786The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Cop
3、yright 2001 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 27 April 2001. Printed in the United States of America. Print: ISBN 0-7381-1807-9 SH94786 PDF: ISBN 0-7381-1808-7 SS94786 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electro
4、nic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. IEEE Std 691-2001 (R2007) IEEE Guide for Transmission Structure Foundation Design and Testing Sponsor Transmission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society and Transmission Structure Fou
5、ndation Design Standard Committee of the American Society of Civil Engineers Reaffirmed 26 September 2007 Approved 6 December 2000 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: The design of foundation for conventional transmission line structures, which include lattice towers, single or multiple shaft poles, H
6、-frame structures, and anchors for guyed structures is presented in this guide. Keywords: anchor, foundation, guyed structures, H-frame structure, lattice tower, multiple shaft pole, single shaft pole, transmission line structure IEEE Standardsdocuments are developed within the IEEE Societies and th
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22、Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mat- ter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not b
23、e responsible for identifying patents for which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. Copyright 2001 IEEE. All rights reserved.iiiIntroduction(This introduction is not part of IEE
24、E Std 691-2001, IEEE Guide for Transmission Structure Foundation Design and Testing.)This design guide is intended for the use of the practicing professional engineer engaged in the design of foundations for electrical transmission line structures. This guide is not to be used as a substitute for pr
25、ofes- sional engineering competency, nor is it to be considered as a rigid set of rules. Of all building materials, soil is the least uniform and most unpredictable; therefore, the methods described in this guide may not be the only methods of design and analysis, nor may they be appropriate in all
26、situations. Design and analysis must be based upon sound engineering principles and relevant experience. This design guide is the result of a major effort to consolidate the results of published reports and data, ongo- ing research, and experience into a single document. It is also an outgrowth of t
27、he previously published efforts of a joint committee of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, which combined the knowledge, expertise, and experience of both organizations in the field of transmission line structure foundation design. Elect
28、rical transmission line structures are unique when compared with other structures, primarily in that no human occupancy is involved and the loading requirements are different from other structure types. The primary loading of most conventional structures or buildings is a dead load or sustained live
29、 load and lateral wind forces or seismic loads. The primary load- ing of a transmission line structure is caused by meteorological loads, such as wind and ice, or combinations thereof B68.1Under normal weather or operating conditions, the loads may be only a fraction of the ultimate capacity of tang
30、ent structures, but the application of the design load is short term and sometimes violent as nature unleashes its fury. In addition, a finite probability exists that the design load could be exceeded. Foundations for transmission line structures are called on to resist loading conditions consisting
31、 of various combinations. Lattice tower foundations typically experience uplift or compression and horizontal shear loads. H-frame structures experience combinations of uplift or compression and horizontal shear and moment loads. Single pole structures experience horizontal shear loads and large ove
32、rturning moments. Foundations for transmission structures must satisfy the same fundamental design criteria as those for any other type of structureadequate strength and stability, tolerable deformation, and cost-effectiveness. In addition, transmission line structures may be constructed hundreds or
33、 thousands of times in a multitude of subsurface conditions encountered along the same route. Therefore, optimization and standardization for cost-effectiveness is highly desirable. This design guide addresses fundamental performance criteria and the design methods associated with trans- mission lin
34、e structure modes of loading, much of which is not found in geotechnical engineering textbooks. Many alternative approaches can be used for the geotechnical design of foundations for transmission line structures. It is the intent of this design guide to provide several approaches to the design of va
35、rious founda- tion types that are consistent with the present state of geotechnical engineering practice. Where several methods are presented for the design of a particular type of foundation, the design engineer should exercise sound engineering judgment in determining which method is most represen
36、tative of the situation.1The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A. ivCopyright 2001 IEEE. All rights reserved.ParticipantsAt the time this guide was completed, the Foundation Design Standard Task Group of the Line Design Methods Working Group; Towers, Poles, and Con
37、ductors Subcommittee; and Transmission and Distribu- tion Committee had the following membership:Anthony M. DiGioia, Jr.,IEEE Co-ChairAt the time this guide was completed, the Transmission Structure Foundation Design Standards Committee of the ASCE had the following membership:Paul A. Tedesco,ASCE C
38、o-ChairWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 6 December 2000, it had the following membership:Donald N. Heirman,ChairJames T. Carlo,Vice ChairJudith Gorman,Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included is the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaison:Alan Cookson, NIST Repres
39、entativeDonald R. V olzka, TAB RepresentativeAndrew D. IckowiczIEEE Standards Project Editor Fred Dewey Yen Huang Jake Kramer Bob Peters Pete Taylor Wesley W. Allen, Jr. David R. Bowman Kin Y . C. Chung Samuel P. Clemence Dennis J. Fallon Safdar A. Gill Adel M. Hanna Thomas O. Keller Fred H. Kulhawy
40、 S. Bruce Langness Robert C. Latham Edwin B. Lawless III Donald D. Oglesby Marlyn G. Schepers Wayne C. Teng Charles H. Trautmann Dale E. Welch Robert M. White Harry S. Wu Satish K. Aggarwal Mark D. Bowman Gary R. Engmann Harold E. Epstein H. Landis Floyd Jay Forster* Howard M. Frazier Ruben D. Garzo
41、n James H. Gurney Richard J. Holleman Lowell G. Johnson Robert J. Kennelly Joseph L. Koepnger* Peter H. Lips L. Bruce McClung Daleep C. Mohla James W. Moore Robert F. Munzner Ronald C. Petersen Gerald H. Peterson John B. Posey Gary S. Robinson Akio Tojo Donald W. Zipse Copyright 2001 IEEE. All right
42、s reserved.vContents1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 System design considerations 1 1.3 Other considerations 2 2. Loading and performance criteria 3 2.1 Loading 3 2.2 Foundation performance criteria and structure types. 5 3. Subsurface investigation and selection of geotechnical design parameters. 10 3
43、.1 General. 10 3.2 Phases of investigation. 10 3.3 Types of boring samples 13 3.4 Soil and rock classification 15 3.5 Engineering properties. 18 4. Design of spread foundations. 23 4.1 Structural applications . 23 4.2 Analysis 31 4.3 Traditional design methods 66 4.4 Construction considerations. 73
44、4.5 General foundation considerations 74 5. Design of drilled shaft and direct embedment foundations . 77 5.1 Types of foundations 77 5.2 Structural applications . 79 5.3 Drilled concrete shaft foundations. 80 5.4 Direct embedment foundations 110 5.5 Precast-prestressed, hollow concrete shafts and s
45、teel casings. 113 5.6 Design and construction considerations. 113 6. Design of pile foundations. 115 6.1 Pile types and orientation. 116 6.2 Pile stresses 121 6.3 Pile capacity. 122 6.4 Pile deterioration 137 6.5 Construction considerations. 139 7. Design of anchors 139 7.1 Anchor types 139 7.2 Anch
46、or application. 142 7.3 Design analysis 144 7.4 Group effect . 163 7.5 Grouts. 163 viCopyright 2001 IEEE. All rights reserved.7.6 Construction considerations. 164 8. Load tests . 167 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Instrumentation 169 8.3 Scope of test program 170 Annex A (informative) Bibliography 177 Cop
47、yright 2001 IEEE. All rights reserved.1IEEE Guide for Transmission Structure Foundation Design and Testing1. Overview1.1 ScopeThe material presented in this design guide pertains to the design of foundations for conventional transmis- sion line structures, which include lattice towers, single or mul
48、tiple shaft poles, H-frame structures, and anchors for guyed structures. It discusses the mode of loads that those structures impose on their foundations and applicable foundation performance criteria. The design guide addresses subsurface investigations and the design of foundations, such as spread
49、 foundations (footings), drilled shafts, direct embedded poles, driven piles, and anchors. The full-scale load testing of the above-listed foundation types is also presented. This design guide does not include the structural design of the foundations nor the design of the structure. Citations B51and B50 provide guidance for the design of lattice towers and tubular steel poles, respec- tively. The foundation engineer should have an understanding of the magnitudes and time-history of various loading conditions imposed on the foundations in order to provide a suita
