1、 IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications Sponsored by the Stationary Batteries Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 15 April 2011 IEEE Power +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational c
2、lassroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 485-2010, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications. The storage battery is of prim
3、ary importance for the satisfactory operation of generating stations, substations, and other stationary applications. This recommended practice is based on commonly accepted methods used to define the load and to ensure adequate battery capacity. The method described is applicable to all installatio
4、ns and battery sizes. The installations considered herein are designed for operation with a battery charger serving to maintain the battery in a charged condition as well as to supply the normal dc load. This recommended practice does not apply to “cycling” applications. (See IEEE P1660TM/D9, June 2
5、008 B2asubject to approval before this revision is approved.) This recommended practice was prepared by the Lead Acid Battery Sizing Working Group of the Stationary Battery Committee. It may be used separately, but when combined with IEEE Std 450TM-2002band IEEE Std 484TM-2002 (for vented lead acid
6、batteries) or IEEE Std 1187TM-2002 and IEEE Std 1188TM-2005 (for valve-regulated lead-acid VRLA batteries), it will provide the user with a general guide to designing, placing in service, and maintaining the applicable lead-acid battery installation. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of the
7、se documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEE
8、E does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. T
9、hese include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any right
10、s in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE docum
11、ent at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of aThe numbers in brackets correspo
12、nd to those of the bibliography in Annex J. bInformation on references can be found in Clause 2. v Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the add
13、ress listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/
14、reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implemen
15、tation of this recommended practice may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this recommended practice, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essent
16、ial Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reas
17、onable or non-discriminatory. Users of this recommended practice are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association.
18、vi Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this recommended practice was completed, the Lead Acid Battery Sizing Working Group had the following membership: Robert Fletcher, Chair Jeff LaMarca, Vice Chair Phyllis Archer Curtis Ashton Gary Balash Robert Beavers Richard Bolg
19、eo John Byrne William Cantor Thomas Carpenter Leonard Casella Jay Chamberlin Mark Clark Garth Corey John Coyle Tom Croda Peter Demar John Gagge, Jr. Alan Jensen Michael Jump John J. Kopera Jose Marrero Tania Martinez Navedo Stephen McCluer Matthew McConnell James McDowall Jerry Meyers Rudy Ortega Ba
20、nsi Patel Jan Reber Christopher Searles Edward C. Stallings Joseph Stevens Lesley Varga Allan Williamson The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this recommended practice. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Satish Aggar
21、wal Samuel Aguirre Steven Alexanderson James Anderson Phyllis Archer Stan Arnot Gary Arntson Curtis Ashton Gary Balash Farouk Baxter Robert Beavers Steven Bezner Thomas Blair William Bloethe Richard Bolgeo Mark Bowman Steven Brockschink William Cantor Leonard Casella Jay Chamberlin Keith Chow Mark C
22、lark Randy Clelland Garth Corey Charles Cotton John Coyle Jesus De Leon Diaz Donald Dunn Gary Engmann Wells Fargo Robert Fletcher James Graham Randall Groves Hamidreza Heidarisafa Scott Hietpas Gary Hoffman David Horvath James Houston Randy Jamison Wayne Johnson James Jones John J. Kopera David Krau
23、se Jim Kulchisky Saumen Kundu Chung-Yiu Lam Daniel Lambert Thomas LaRose Daniel Levin Debra Longtin Keith Malmedal William McBride Stephen McCluer James McDowall John Merando Kimberly Mosley Haissam Nasrat Arthur Neubauer Michael S. Newman Howard Nudi Chris Osterloh Bansi Patel John Polenz Percy Poo
24、l Edward Rafter Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Gregg Sauer Bartien Sayogo Robert Schuerger David Smith James Smith Allan St. Peter Joseph Stevens William W. Terry Malcolm Thaden S. Thamilarasan Wayne Timm Lesley Varga Stephen Vechy John Vergis Kenneth White Allan Williamson Larry Yonce Luis Zambrano
25、 Ahmed Zobaa vii Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this recommended practice on 8 November 2010, it had the following membership: Robert M. Grow, Chair Richard H. Hulett, Vice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Karen Bartleson
26、Victor Berman Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Andy Drozd Alexander Gelman Jim Hughes Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Ronald C. Petersen Thomas Prevost Jon Walter Rosdahl Sam Sciacca Mike Seavey Curtis Siller Don Wright *Member Emeritus Also inc
27、luded are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Don Messina IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Soo H. Kim IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Prog
28、ram Development viii Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 2. Normative references 1 3. Definitions 2 4. Defining loads 2 4.1 General considerations . 2 4.2 Load classification . 3 4.3 Duty cycle diagram 4 5. Cell selection 5 6. Determining battery size . 6 6
29、.1 Number of cells . 6 6.2 Additional considerations 7 6.3 Cell size . 10 6.4 Cell sizing worksheet . 12 7. Cell voltage/time profile calculation 13 Annex A (informative) Battery and cell sizing examples . 15 Annex B (informative) Converting constant power and resistance loads to constant current 21
30、 Annex C (informative) Calculating cell voltage during discharge . 23 Annex D (informative) Consideration of cell types 31 Annex E (informative) Constant power sizing . 32 Annex F (informative) Development and use of battery discharge curves . 39 Annex G (informative) Random loads . 50 Annex H (info
31、rmative) Capacity variation during life . 56 Annex I (informative) Full-size worksheet . 57 Annex J (informative) Bibliography . 59 1 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not
32、intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notic
33、es and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standa
34、rds.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope Methods for defining the dc load and for sizing a lead-acid battery to supply that load for stationary battery applications in full float operations are described. Some factors relating to cell selection are provided for consideration. Install
35、ation, maintenance, qualification, testing procedures, and consideration of battery types other than lead acid are beyond the scope of this recommended practice. The design of the dc system and sizing of the battery charger(s) are also beyond the scope of this recommended practice. 2. Normative refe
36、rences The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undate
37、d referenced, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. IEEE Std 450TM-2002, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications.1,2 1This publication is available from the
38、 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 2The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated. IEEE Std 485-2010 IEEE Rec
39、ommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications 2 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 484TM-2002, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications. IEEE Std 1184TM-2006, IEEE Guide
40、 for Batteries for Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems. IEEE Std 1187TM-2002 IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Storage Batteries for Stationary Applications. IEEE Std 1188TM-2005, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and R
41、eplacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries for Stationary Applications. 3. Definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary: Glossary of Terms for example: The available capacity of the battery decreases as its temp
42、erature decreases. The available capacity decreases as the discharge rate increases. The minimum specified cell voltage at any time during the battery discharge cycle limits the available capacity of the battery. 6.1 Number of cells The maximum and minimum allowable system voltage determines the num
43、ber of cells in the battery. It has been common practice to use 12 cells, 24 cells, 60 cells, or 120 cells for nominal system voltages of 24 V, 48 V, 125 V, or 250 V, respectively. In some cases, it may be desirable to vary from this practice to match the battery to system voltage limitations more c
44、losely. It should be noted that the use of the widest possible voltage window, within the confines of individual load requirements, will result in the most economical battery. Furthermore, the use of the largest number of cells allows the lowest minimum cell voltage and, therefore, the smallest size
45、 cell for the duty cycle. The application of the following principles is illustrated in A.1 of Annex A. IEEE Std 485-2010 IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications 7 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. 6.1.1 Calculation of number of cells and minimum
46、cell voltage When the battery voltage is not allowed to exceed a given maximum system voltage, the number of cells will be limited by the cell voltage required for satisfactory charging or equalizing. This is as follows: cells ofnumber for required voltagecell voltagesystem maximum =Example: Assume
47、2.33 V/cell is required for equalize charging and that the maximum allowable system voltage is 140 V or 135 V. Then 140 V60.09 cells (use 60 cells)2.33=135 V57.94 cells (use 58 cells)2.33=If the number of cells is rounded off, the charging voltage should then be recalculated and verified for adequac
48、y of operation. The minimum battery voltage equals the minimum system voltage plus the cable voltage drop. Ensure all voltage drops are considered: For example, the use of unusually long cable connections within the battery or inter-cell connections resistances greater than the values on which the r
49、atings are based may require an adjustment to the calculated minimum battery voltage. The minimum battery voltage is then used to calculate the allowable minimum cell voltage. voltagecell minimumcells ofnumber ltagebattery vo minimum=In an application with a wide voltage window, particularly when long discharge times are required, the minimum cell voltage recommended by the manufacturer for a given discharge time may be a factor. If so, reduce the number of cells in the preceding calculation so that the minimum cell voltage per cell does not fall below the
