1、IEEE Std 277-2007(Revision of IEEE Std 277-1994)IEEE Recommended Practicefor Cement Plant Power DistributionIEEE3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA12 October 2007Industry Applications SocietySponsored by theCement Industry Committee277TMIEEE Std 277-2007 (Revision of IEEE Std 277-1994) IEEE R
2、ecommended Practice for Cement Plant Power Distribution Sponsor Cement Industry Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society Approved 17 May 2007 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: Electrical distribution systems in cement plants that would result in satisfactory equipment utilization, reliabi
3、lity, performance, safety, and low maintenanceall at a reasonable costare recommended. Keywords: alternate power source, power distribution, primary distribution voltage, quarry distribution, secondary unit substation, surge arresters _ The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 P
4、ark Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2007 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 12 October 2007. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy p
5、ortions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 277-2007, IEEE Recommended Practice for Cement Plant Power Distribution. This recommended practice has been revised to
6、reflect needed technical changes that have been suggested since the document was last published in 1994. IEEE Std 277-2007 reflects the thinking of members of the Power Generation and Distribution Working Group, consisting of members from cement plants, machinery manufacturers, electrical equipment
7、manufacturers, and cement plant designers and builders. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Inte
8、rpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this recommended practice may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publicati
9、on of this recommended practice, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for cond
10、ucting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. Participants At the time this recommended practice was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Power Generation and Distribution Working Group had the following membership: Jean-P
11、aul Morel, Chair Rick L. Labahn, Vice Chair Randall Clary George J. Fergades Mark A. Huber Michael D. Seal Michael Sebasto John Stroker iv Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this recommended practice. Balloters may have vote
12、d for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Ali al Awazi Wallace B. Binder, Jr. Donald M. Colaberardino Tommy P. Cooper Stephen J. Coppinger George J. Fergades Randall C. Groves Werner Hoelzl David A. Horvath Dennis Horwitz John A. Houdek Mark A. Huber Rick L. Labahn Keith N. Malmedal Gary L. Michel
13、 Jean-Paul Morel Jerry R. Murphy Michael S. Newman Douglas S. Phares Louie J. Powell, Jr. Clayton H. Reid Charles W. Rogers Bartien Sayogo James L. Schaadt, Jr. Michael D. Seal D. K. Shah Gil Shultz Roderick H. Simmons John A. Vergis Ahmed F. Zobaa When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this reco
14、mmended practice on 17 May 2007, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Robert M. Grow, Vice Chair Donald F. Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Richard DeBlasio Alexander D. Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Joanna N. Guenin Julian Forster* Kenneth S. Hanus Will
15、iam B. Hopf Richard H. Hulett Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger* John D. Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Narayanan Ramachandran Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia C. Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Howard L. Wolfman *Member Eme
16、ritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Alan H. Cookson, NIST Representative Jennie Steinhagen IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Patricia A. Gerdon IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program De
17、velopment v Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 1 3. Power distribution for a new plant . 2 3.1 Main plant distribution substation . 2 3.2 Cable 11 3.3 Secondary unit substations 13 3.4 Safety ground check monitoring 17
18、 4. Power distribution for a plant expansion 17 4.1 Changing 2400 V system to 4160 V if total expanded plant capacity exceeds 10000 kVA (self- cooled) 18 4.2 Deriving utility power for existing 2400 V equipment from the high-voltage incoming line utility service or from the proposed new 4160 V syste
19、m . 18 4.3 Grounding the existing 2400 V system through neutral-grounding resistors 18 4.4 Abandoning existing generation and purchase total power from the utility 18 4.5 Using interlocked armored cable carried on trays . 19 5. Quarry distribution utilizing high-resistance grounded systems for porta
20、ble electrical equipment 19 5.1 Quarry distribution transformer. 19 5.2 Primary distribution. 21 5.3 Distribution 600 V and below 25 6. Harmonics 25 7. Figures 27 vi Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Recommended Practice for Cement Plant Power Distribution 1. 1.11.22. Overview Scope Thi
21、s document has been developed as a recommended practice for electrical distribution systems in cement plants with the objective of satisfactory equipment utilization, reliability, performance, safety, and low maintenanceall at a reasonable cost. Purpose The purpose of this recommended practice is to
22、 provide guidance in established practices for the design, application, installation, and protection of electrical distribution systems in cement plants. This recommended practice will be used to augment some of the principles outlined as they apply to cement plants. Normative references The followi
23、ng referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this recommended practice (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated refe
24、rences, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. Accredited Standards Committee C2-2007, National Electrical Safety Code (NESC).1IEEE Std 141-1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (IEEE Red Book).2
25、, 31The NESC is available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 2The IEEE standards listed in this clause are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataw
26、ay, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 3IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 1 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 277-2007 IEEE Recommended P
27、ractice for Cement Plant Power Distribution IEEE Std 142-1991, IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Green Book). IEEE Std 242-1986, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book
28、). IEEE Std 446-1995, IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications (IEEE Orange Book). IEEE Std 450-2002, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-277-1994Acid Batteries for Stationary Applicati
29、ons. IEEE Std 519-1992, IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems. IEEE Std 625-2001, IEEE Recommended Practices to Improve Electrical Maintenance and Safety in the Cement Industry Power Distribution for a New Plant. IEEE Std C37.2-1996, IEEE Standa
30、rd Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers and Contact Designations. NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC).4U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), CFR 30 Part 56Safety and Health Standards Surface Metal and Nonmetal Mines.5U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Saf
31、ety and Health Administration (MSHA), CFR 30 Part 57Safety and Health Standards Underground Metal and Nonmetal Mines. Subpart KElectricity. 3. 3.13.1.1Power distribution for a new plant Factors to consider in new plant construction include the main plant distribution substation, what cables to use,
32、secondary unit substations, and safety ground check monitoring devices. Main plant distribution substation Source of plant power and the ownership of the main substation can greatly affect both the capital and operating costs of a plant. Type of equipment and substation design will be dependent upon
33、 these decisions, as well as selected voltage levels and plant load. Purchased power vs. on-site generation or co-generation A study should be performed to determine the economics of purchased power (utility) vs. on-site generation or co-generation. The trend in cement plants is to purchase power fr
34、om the utility instead of generating power. The decision to purchase or generate power depends primarily upon economics. Many operators believe that the possible increased production by the use of efficient kilns more than offsets the 4The NEC is published by the National Fire Protection Association
35、, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, USA (http:/ www.nfpa.org/). Copies are also available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 5U.S. Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) p
36、ublications are available from the U.S. Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health Administration at http:/msha.gov. 2 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 277-2007 IEEE Recommended Practice for Cement Plant Power Distribution additional cost of purchased power in most locations in the
37、 United States. Other advantages in using utility power are: Possibly better voltage regulation during the starting of large motors Greater reliability of a larger system Absence of operating problems associated with power generation Explore the possibility of a form of co-generation to be operated
38、with a new plant. Available co-generation options include: a) Produce electricity for a portion of the plant (no large motors). This portion of the plant would not normally be connected to the utility. b) Sell all the electricity the plant produces to the utility and purchase all the electricity the
39、 plant uses from the utility. One possible drawback to this would be the cost of transforming the electricity produced to the distribution voltage of the utility. c) Produce electricity and tie in with the plants distribution. This may complicate coordination and protection. d) Pursue deregulation o
40、pportunities as allowed. 3.1.23.1.33.1.4Locating plant substations above 15 kV Locate the high-voltage (above 15 kV) part of the main substation outdoors on the windward side of the plant. The costly practice of locating plant substations (above 15 kV) indoors or under a roof to minimize dust settle
41、ment is no longer considered necessary. Ownership of outdoor part of main plant substation Make a study to determine whether the outdoor part of the main plant substation is to be owned by the plant or by the utility. Here again, economics, including initial, operational, and maintenance costs, shou
42、ld be compared with local utility rates at different voltages to determine who should own the outdoor substation. Excluding economics, the plant purchasing the substation has the advantage of choosing the substation equipment arrangement that best fits its needs. However, utility ownership may enabl
43、e a quicker restoration of power subsequent to equipment failure since utilities generally stock spare equipment. Wherever the substation is located, make sure the plant has access to the main metering equipment (computer capture of utility pulses) so that the plant knows instantaneous kilowatt usag
44、e. Time of use and level of use are important economic considerations. A study is indicated instead of a recommendation because of the wide variation of utility rates and policies. Extra-creepage insulators and bushings Use extra-creepage insulators and bushings on the exposed electric equipment in
45、the outdoor substation. The use of extra-creepage porcelain in the outdoor substation extends the time between cleaning periods and helps keep flashovers to a minimum. Many operators use silicone waxes or greases to facilitate the periodic cleaning of exposed insulators and bushings. Bushings at the
46、 medium voltage level (2.4 kV to 13.8 kV) are best kept enclosed in terminal chambers. It is also desirable to keep the number of bushings to a minimum by the use of three-phase instead of single-phase transformers. 3 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 277-2007 IEEE Recommended Pract
47、ice for Cement Plant Power Distribution 3.1.53.1.6Alternate power source Provide for an alternate power source to the plant, especially for critical loads. This power source could be a full-capacity transmission line to the plant, a small-capacity line at some lower voltage, standby generation, or s
48、ome combination of these. The use of a loop or alternate transmission line allows total plant operation, after a short delay, in the event of a transmission line failure. A low-capacity alternate feed or standby generation allows operation of critical loads during the line failure outages. Standby g
49、eneration should be exercised under load once a week to help ensure its availability when needed. If possible, standby generators should also be exercised once a year under full load conditions by means of an external resistive load bank see IEEE Std 446-1995 (IEEE Orange Book) 6. Some utilities offer rebates for remote interruption of plant power. If this is the case, and if economically viable, then provisions should be made for this interruption in the system design. This could inclu
