1、IEEE Std 1900.1-2008IEEE Standard Definitions and Concepts for Dynamic Spectrum Access: TerminologyRelating to Emerging Wireless Networks, System Functionality, and Spectrum Management IEEE3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA26 September 2008 IEEE Communications SocietySponsored by theIEEE Sta
2、ndards Coordinating Committee 41 onDynamic Spectrum Access Networks1900.1 TMIEEE Std 1900.1TM-2008 IEEE Standard Definitions and Concepts for Dynamic Spectrum Access: Terminology Relating to Emerging Wireless Networks, System Functionality, and Spectrum Management Sponsor IEEE Communications Society
3、 and IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 41 on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks Approved 12 June 2008 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: This standard provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in the fields of spectrum management, cognitive radio, policy-defined radio, adaptive radio, s
4、oftware-defined radio, and related technologies. The document goes beyond simple, short definitions by providing amplifying text that explains these terms in the context of the technologies that use them. The document also describes how these technologies interrelate and create new capabilities whil
5、e at the same time providing mechanisms supportive of new spectrum management paradigms such as dynamic spectrum access. Keywords: cognitive radio, cognitive radio networks, dynamic spectrum access, policy-based radio, software-controlled radio, software-defined radio, spectrum management The Instit
6、ute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2008 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 26 September 2008. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE and 802 are registered trademark
7、s in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.iv Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1900.1-2008,
8、 IEEE Standard Definitions and Concepts for Dynamic Spectrum Access: Terminology Relating to Emerging Wireless Networks, System Functionality, and Spectrum Management. This standard establishes common terminology for describing emerging networks and nodes employing radio devices characterized by cog
9、nition, adaptation, environment awareness, and policy-based adaptive techniques. Specifically, the definitions provided in this document stem predominantly from a spectrum management point of view. It is anticipated that these definitions will ultimately mature and ideally achieve widespread accepta
10、nce among researchers, manufacturers, service providers, regulators, and operators. The intent of this document is to promote a common understanding of systems technology and spectrum management terms so that technologists in a variety of fields such as radio science, including digital communication
11、s, computer science, and artificial intelligence, and regulators have a common understanding of the terminology. It is the intent of this document to provide concise definitions of key terms in advanced radio system technologies and in advanced spectrum management techniques. The focus of this stand
12、ard is on terms and concepts relating to emerging wireless networks, radio, technology, system functionality, and spectrum management. It was agreed that in some cases, multiple definitions for a specific term were appropriate. Development of this standard required: a) The creation of some new terms
13、 (e.g., cognitive radio) and the development of definitions for these new terms. b) The development of alternative definitions for existing terms (e.g., dynamic frequency selection) that have been defined by other standards development organizations; these alternative definitions were required for n
14、ext-generation radio and spectrum management because these terms have new meanings when used in the context of discussing advanced radio systems. It is deemed to be outside the focus of this standard to include all of the terms relevant to wireless communications systems and spectrum management (e.g
15、., radio frequency and radio signal). However, when deemed appropriate, existing terms from the ITU-R and other IEEE documents are included for the convenience of the reader even though the term and definition is unchanged for next-generation radio and spectrum management. These terms are clearly id
16、entified in the text. This document provides normative terms and definitions to support the research and deployment of dynamic spectrum management (DSM) and dynamic spectrum access (DSA). Many factors are creating a need for DSM and DSA. Among the forces creating this need for change are as follows:
17、 The increasing use of wireless services and their need for spectrum. The increasing data load being transmitted wirelessly, requiring increasing spectrum bandwidth. The emergence of multimode products such as mobile, broadcast, and radiolocation into single devices. Increasing pressure to guarantee
18、 spectrum access for priority services such as public safety while allowing other uses for that same spectrum when not in use by those priority services. v Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Overview of New Technologies Terminology used to describe equipment, systems, and networks employing a
19、dvanced radio functionality are contained within this standard that will provide researchers, manufacturers, service providers, regulators, operators, and users with the means of describing advanced radio devices and spectrum management techniques. Some of the general features of these emerging radi
20、o and wireless networking systems are as follows: Flexibility Dynamic and adaptive behavior Awareness (e.g., location and radio environment), cognition, and intelligence Networking for group collaboration and interaction (e.g., sensing the spectrum usage environment) These features create many new a
21、venues for improving use and access to the radio spectrum. Specifically, they provide additional degrees of freedom that allow a device to choose the best method of spectrum access for a particular situation and to alter the method of access to respond to changing conditions. For example, dynamic sp
22、ectrum access systems have been suggested as a fundamental, technology-enabled method to make more effective and efficient use of scarce available spectrum. In principle, the DSA concept advocates empowering radio systems with the local authority and responsibility to manage available spectrum. Howe
23、ver, practical methods for designing, developing, and managing such systems remain in the early formative stages. Current spectrum management practices do not provide effective techniques for certifying these types of advanced radio devices or for managing their access to the radio spectrum. This si
24、tuation could create barriers to the introduction of new radio technologies if resolution of spectrum issues for each new device must be addressed on a case-by-case basis. Recent advancements in wireless communication technology have given rise to many new terms and concepts within the body of techn
25、ical literature, including reconfigurable radio, software-defined radio, software-controlled radio, policy-defined radio, adaptive radio, cognitive radio, and others. Although radios certainly play an important part in the design and construction of wireless communication systems, these advanced tec
26、hnologies extend beyond what is commonly thought of as a “radio.” When describing these technologies, therefore, it is more useful to consider them in the context of a complete communications system or network. For example, the terms “cognitive radio” and “adaptive radio” are often used, and althoug
27、h it may be a convenient linguistic construct, it is unclear that the use of these terms is always both linguistically and logically correct. In wireless communication systems, radios are physical devices that transmit and receive information encoded on radio-frequency (RF) waveforms using antennas,
28、 transmitters, and receivers. That is, radios are designed to perform certain functions, for example, receiving and transmitting. The development of this standard was founded on the premise that wireless communication systems will evolve to the point where cognitive and adaptive functionality play a
29、n important, essential role in their use of the radio spectrum, and that the industry is now approaching that point in history. Consequently, this standard provides definitions for terms describing this expanded functionality that are relevant to spectrum use by next-generation radios and networks.
30、For example, the cognition function may not be just a radio function as radio is defined herein; some of the functionality may lie outside the radio itself. This focus is provided throughout the standard. The term “cognitive” has recently entered into the lexicon of wireless networks in an attempt t
31、o describe a functionality that is inherently distributed within not only a given network but also potentially a network of networks. Consider, for example, a network of unlicensed band WiFi*access points and stations providing Internet access for the population of a metropolitan area, operating alo
32、ngside a public safety network, *WiFi is a mark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. including police, fire, and ambulance communications in the same band, with both networks sharing information that allows them to coexist. This new cognitive functionality provides a mechanism for peaceful coexistence among multi
33、ple networks and the potential for equitable sharing of RF spectrum. As the term “cognitive” implies, at the heart of the new technology is knowledge, that is, information that is gathered and stored in possibly a distributed manner throughout the network of networks. The concepts of collaboration a
34、nd consent are equally important; that is, some policy agreement exists that defines the objectives and constraints of the participating networks (cf. policy-based radios). Throughout this standard, that cognitive and related functionality may be shared throughout the network, network nodes, and the
35、 radios in the network nodes. No attempt is made to define exactly how these functions are distributed because that is an implementation issue. Virtually all radios on the market today use some form of digital signal processing involving a microprocessor and software of some form to perform even the
36、 simplest function (e.g., changing the operating frequency). Yet, the term “software-defined radio” is commonly used to distinguish a certain class of radios, and usually it is meant to convey a meaning that goes beyond merely implying the existence of some software in the device. The term is used t
37、o describe certain functionality that is performed or managed differently because it is driven by software rather than by hardware. It is important to realize that communications nodes and networks with primitive cognitive, adaptive, and software-defined functionality exist today. The current IEEE 8
38、02.11a/b/g standard specifies a Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) Media Access Control (MAC) protocol that involves a “stop, look and listen watch out for the cars” cognitive functionality. It is inherently adaptive and can be instantiated in software. This represents the e
39、arly stages of an advanced and evolving communications technology with objectives including the ability to offer more robust, maximum-channel capacity usage, increased spectrum-usage efficiency, as well as fault-tolerant and ubiquitous information-conveyance capabilities for one or more users. Commu
40、nication nodes and networks with cognitive functionality can potentially use contextual information to devise and implement solutions that ideally best serve the current and anticipated information transfer requirements. This contextual information can be derived from the physical (node state and de
41、vice resources, spatial, environmental, network topology, and communications channel information), regulatory and policy (frequency spectrum usage rules and etiquettes, licenses, user access rights), social (individualistic or collaborative and distributed network existence), and economic (payment m
42、echanisms, spectrum market environment) domains. In the framework of wireless networks, whether it is a portion of the network or the entire network, network management procedures imply the management of the available transmission spectrum, which in turn impacts system performance, resource allocati
43、on, quality-of-service, and so on. To this extent, network management is directly related to spectrum management; therefore, comprehension of network management concepts is necessary when discussing spectrum management. In this standard, some terms are related (i.e., some terms are defined and then
44、used in the definitions of other terms). Terms that appear in the definition of other terms are placed in bold in the definition for the higher level term (see, for example, the term software-defined radio and the term software defined). Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents
45、should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, b
46、y the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. vi Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of
47、 both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, t
48、he IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, o
49、r errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association Web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards develo
