1、IEEE Std 1783-2009IEEE Guide for Test Methods andProcedures to Evaluate the ElectricalPerformance of Insulators in FreezingConditionsIEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation SocietySponsored by theStandards CommitteeIEEE3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 17 October 20091783TMIEEE Std 1783-
2、2009 IEEE Guide for Test Methods and Procedures to Evaluate the Electrical Performance of Insulators in Freezing Conditions Sponsor Standards Committee of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society Approved 18 June 2009 IEEE-SA Standards Board Acknowledgments Table 1 adapted and Figure B
3、.1, Figure B.2, Figure B.3, Figure B.4 reprinted from “Insulator icing test methods and proceduresA position paper prepared by the IEEE Task Force on Insulator Icing Test Methods,” 2003 B45. Figure 1 and Table 4 adapted from IEEE Std 4-1995. Figure 2 reprinted from “Investigation of flashover perfor
4、mance of snow-covered breakers,” 2007 B73. Figure B.5 reprinted with permission from CIGR, “Influence of ice and snow on the flashover performance of outdoor insulatorsPart II: Effects of snow,” 2000 B11. Abstract: Since 1999, test methods for freezing conditions, including ice and snow, have been r
5、efined by the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society and IEEE Power and Energy Society Task Forces on insulator icing. In this guide, the discussion is consolidated, and specific, appropriate, and reproducible test methods for selecting adequate insulators are recommended. Test methods f
6、or substation and line insulators at distribution and transmission voltage levels are included in the scope. Special measures to reproduce the environmental and insulator parameters that influence the risk of flashover in freezing conditions are detailed in the test methods. Statistical methods are
7、also recommended to assist in the insulator selection process. Keywords: cold fog, contamination, high-voltage testing, ice, icing, insulators, salt fog, snow The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2009 by the Institute of El
8、ectrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 17 October 2009. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be o
9、btained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1783-2009 IEEE Guide for Test Methods and Procedures to Evaluate the Electrical Performance of Insulators in Freezing Conditions. In many cold climate r
10、egions, overhead transmission and distribution lines as well as their substation equipment are subjected to ice and snow accumulations that may be contaminated in the same ways that affect natural rain. Insulator standards presently call for a wet test at a controlled rain rate but do not recommend
11、icing test methods. While the electrical withstand in a wet test is well above typical service voltage stress, this may not be the case in cold conditions. Certain sequences of ice or snow accumulation and melting may cause a drastic decrease in electrical insulation strength. Especially of highly s
12、tressed, extra high-voltage and ultra high-voltage insulators, this can lead to insulator flashovers at normal service voltage and power outages. Flashover problems on ice- and snow-covered insulators have been reported in North America and many countries including China, Czech Republic, England, Fi
13、nland, Japan, Norway, Switzerland, Sweden, and the former Yugoslavia. The industry need for insulation coordination in the affected countries was a source of motivation to establish an IEEE Task Force on Insulator Icing Test Methods in 1999. In 2003, this Task Force recommended icing test methods an
14、d procedures in “Insulator icing test methods and proceduresA position paper prepared by the IEEE Task Force on Insulator Icing Test Methods,” B45.aTheir scope covered all insulators, including ceramic and nonceramic types, because both have similar problems in the presence of ice. Test parameters w
15、ere adapted from IEEE Std 4, IEC 60060, IEC 60129, and IEC 60507 in a joint development effort with a CIGRE Ice and Snow Task Force.bAfter additional ice and snow testing experience using the Task Force recommendations led to positive industry response, it is now reasonable to formally endorse the t
16、est methods as an IEEE standard. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are res
17、ponsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by th
18、e IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and a
19、doption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. aThe numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A. bInformation on references can be found in Clause 2. v Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. Updating of
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23、ll other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/iee
24、e/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith
25、. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assura
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27、from the IEEE Standards Association. vi Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Joint Task Force on Icing Test Methods had the following membership: Masoud Farzaneh (DEIS/PES), Chair Edward A. Cherne
28、y (DEIS), Vice Chair William A. Chisholm (PES), Secretary Anthony C. Baker R. Allen Bernstorf Jeff T. Burnhan Anthony Carreira Ravi S. Gorur Tom Grisham Stanislaw Grzybowski Stanislaw Gubanski Igor Gutman George Karady Sebastian Marra Andrew Schwalm Vaclav Sklenicka Gerald A. Stewart Raji Sundararaj
29、an The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Anthony C. Baker Sudhakar Cherukupalli Masoud Farzaneh Randall Groves Raymond Hill Chad Kiger Saumen Kundu Ulrich Pohl Charles Rogers Bartien Sayogo
30、Gil Shultz James E. Smith When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 18 June 2009, it had the following membership: Robert M. Grow, Chair Thomas Prevost, Vice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary John Barr Karen Bartleson Victor Berman Ted Burse Richard DeBlasio And
31、y Drozd Mark Epstein Alexander Gelman Jim Hughes Richard H. Hulett Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Ted Olsen Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Narayanan Ramachandran Jon Walter Rosdahl Sam Sciacca *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standar
32、ds Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Howard L. Wolfman, TAB Representative Lisa Perry IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development vii Copyright 2009 IEEE
33、. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 2 3.1 Definitions . 2 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations . 7 4. General requirements for insulator icing tests 8 4.1 Testing criteria . 8 4.2 Testing methods .
34、8 4.3 Electrical clearances and configuration . 10 4.4 Discharge observation and interpretation 10 4.5 Power supply requirements 10 4.6 Test object preparation before testing 12 5. Ice test procedures and evaluation methods . 12 5.1 Ice test for air break disconnect switches 12 5.2 Preparation of ob
35、ject for ice tests 13 5.3 Methods and parameters for ice exposure . 13 5.4 Evaluation of flashover voltage for ice tests 15 5.5 Evaluation of ice test criteria . 16 6. Snow test procedures and evaluation methods . 17 6.1 General 17 6.2 Preparation of object for snow test 17 6.3 Methods and parameter
36、s for snow exposure 17 6.4 Evaluation of flashover voltage for snow tests 18 7. Cold-fog test procedures and evaluation methods 19 7.1 General 19 7.2 Preparation of object for cold-fog test . 19 7.3 Methods and parameters for cold-fog exposure . 20 7.4 Evaluation of flashover voltage in cold-fog tes
37、t 21 7.5 Evaluation of cold-fog test criteria 21 8. Salt-fog test procedures and evaluation methods . 21 8.1 Preparation of object for salt-fog test 21 8.2 Methods and parameters for salt-fog exposure at freezing temperatures . 22 8.3 Evaluation of flashover voltage in salt-fog test . 23 8.4 Evaluat
38、ion of salt-fog test criteria 23 viii Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. 9. Air pressure correction for freezing conditions 23 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 25 Annex B (informative) Typical test results 30 1 Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Guide for Test Methods and Proc
39、edures to Evaluate the Electrical Performance of Insulators in Freezing Conditions IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection in all circumstances. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, se
40、curity, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Not
41、ice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope The guide specifies procedures for testing equipment when external insulation of the test object is
42、subjected to combinations of contamination, ice, snow, or cold fog. The methods are applicable only to tests on equipment with a rated voltage above 1 kV. 1.2 Purpose The test methods recommended in this guide supplement the general requirements regarding equipment, objects, and procedures for stand
43、ard high-voltage testing. The guide also describes some recommended methods evaluating the test results. IEEE Std 1783-2009 IEEE Guide for Test Methods and Procedures to Evaluate the Electrical Performance of Insulators in Freezing Conditions 2 Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. 2. Normative
44、references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For un
45、dated referenced, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. Accredited Standards Committee C-2, National Electrical Safety Code(NESC).1, 2IEC 60060-1, High-voltage test techniquesPart 1: General definitions and test requirements.3IEC 60060-2, Hig
46、h-voltage test techniquesPart 2: Measuring systems. IEC 60060-3, High-voltage test techniquesPart 3: Definitions and requirements for on-site testing. IEC 60507, Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage insulators to be used on a.c. systems. IEC 61245, Artificial pollution tests to be used on dc s
47、ystems. IEC 61774, Overhead lines Meteorological data for assessing climatic loads IEEE Std 4, IEEE Standard Technique for High-Voltage Testing.4, 5IEEE Std C37.34, IEEE Standard Test Code for High-Voltage Air Switches. 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, t
48、he following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary: Glossary of Terms the voltage at the instant when the disruptive discharge occurs for impulses chopped on the front. dry arc distance (strike distance): The shortest distance through the surrounding medium between terminal elec
49、trodes, or the sum of the distances between intermediate electrodes, whichever is the shorter, with the insulator mounted for dry flashover test. drizzle: Drizzle is light precipitation consisting of liquid water drops smaller than that of rain, and generally smaller than 0.5 mm (0.02 in) in diameter. Precipitation rates due to drizzle are on the order of less than 1 mm/h at the ground. 7Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement this standard. IEEE Std 1783-20
