1、IEEE Std 1672-2006IEEE Standard for UltrawidebandRadar Definitions I E E E3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA4 May 2007IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society Sponsored by theUltrawideband Radar Committee IEEE Std 1672-2006 IEEE Standard for Ultrawideband Radar Definitions Sponsor Ultra
2、wideband Radar Committee of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society Approved 6 December 2006 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: The terms and definitions used in the field of ultrawideband radar are organized and standardized in this document. Keywords: baseband, carrier-free, GPR, Harmuth
3、orthogonal functions, high resolution radar, impulse radar, nonsinusoidal radar, spread spectrum, terminology, ultrawideband radar, ultra-wideband radar, video pulse _ The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2007 by the Instit
4、ute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 4 May 2007. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also
5、be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction “Dictionaries are like watches. The worst is better than none at all, and the best do not run true.” Samuel Johnson, English literary critic and lexicographer (17091784) The history of ultra
6、wideband (UWB) radar goes back to the 1960s when the Rome Air Development Center undertook classified work to locate tunnels and weapons hidden by foliage. The early history has many names, which include baseband radar, impulse radar, nonsinusoidal radar, ground penetrating radar, and video pulse ra
7、dar (depending on the nationality of the researcher). The term ultra-wideband emerged about 1988 when the U.S. Department of Defense needed a descriptive name for the emerging technology. In 1990, the Secretary of Defense of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) published Assessment
8、of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology,awhich established the 25% fractional bandwidth definition. This definition made sense in terms of the limited applications and relatively low frequencies (0.5 GHz to 2 GHz) of the early impulse radar systems and materials penetrating qualities of the signals. Publ
9、ication of Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Radar Systemsband Ultra-Wideband Radar Technology,cedited by James D. Taylor, provided basic sources and encouraged international interest. By 1999, articles with the term ultrawideband (or ultra-wideband) in the title started to appear in radar conference p
10、roceedings and other literature. DARPA-sponsored UWB radar investigations appeared in the Proceedings of the SPIE during the 1990s; however, researchers often failed to apply the term ultrawideband to their systems because no clear definition existed. A political bias related to associating UWB with
11、 counterstealth helped to suppress the usage. Researching the early literature requires using the older terms and then carefully reading the description of the waveform and technology. A Federal Communications Commission (FCC) review from 2000 to 2002 led to licensing and use of ultrawideband signal
12、s for both radar and communications. The FCC defined UWB as having fractional bandwidth of 20% of center frequency, or 500 MHz. The growing UWB radar community now needs to establish standard definitions that uniquely apply to this technology area. These definitions express and supplement definition
13、s beyond those covered in IEEE Std 686-1997 and preceding standards related to radar and related technologies. This standard promotes clarity and consistency in the use of UWB radar terminology. The definitions represent the consensus (reached after several rounds of review, comment, and revision) o
14、f a panel of radar experts, including authors of several books on radar. It is intended for these definitions to serve as a standardization of meanings. Note that any literature search should include keywords such as impulse radar, Harmuth orthogonal functions, carrier-free, nonsinusoidal, baseband,
15、 video pulse, GPR, etc. The Terminology Committee of the Ultrawideband Radar Systems Panel of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society prepared this standard. They integrated all of the comments, resolved differences, and coordinated this standard with other IEEE standards. Dr. James Andrew
16、s, Dr. Robert J. Fontana, Dr. Malek Hussain, Dr. Igor Y. Immoreev, Dr. Hongbo Sun, and Lieutenant Colonel James D. Taylor, USAF (Retired), all contributed definitions and editorial assistance. _ aOSD/DARPA, Ultra-Wideband Radar Review Panel, Assessment of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology, DRPA, Arlin
17、gton, VA 1990. bJames D. Taylor, Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Radar Systems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1995. cJames D. Taylor, Ultra-Wideband Radar Technology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000. This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1672-2006, IEEE Standard for Ultrawideband Radar Definitions.
18、Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at t
19、he following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. PatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existen
20、ce or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are broug
21、ht to its attention. Participants At the time this standard was completed, the Ultrawideband Radar Working Group had the following membership: Stephen L. Johnston, Chair Joseph A. Bruder, Vice Chair James R. Andrews Terence W. Barrett Victor S. Chernyak Arnold M. Greenspan Robert J. Fontana Izidor C
22、. Gert Henning F. Harmuth Malek G. M. Hussain Igor Y. Immoreev Hammad Kahn Sergey A. Masalov James H. McClellan Robert W. McMillan Eric L. Mokole Ram M. Narayanan Gennadiy P. Pochanin James M. Ralston Marc A. Ressler Frank Sabath Farooz A. Sadjadi Hongbo Sun James D. Taylor Alexander G. Yarovoy Rich
23、ard J. Yelf v Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Toru Aihara Egor I. Alekseev Butch Anton H. Stephen Berger Joseph A. Bruder Yi-Ming Chen Keit
24、h Chow Tommy P. Cooper Michael D. Geipel Izidor C. Gertner James P. Gilb Arnold M. Greenspan Randall C. Groves Timothy E. Harrington Werner Hoelzl Chi Tin Hon Dennis Horwitz Raj Jain Stephen L. Johnston Oh Jongtaek Efthymios G. Karabetsos Stuart J. Kerry Daniel M Lubar William Lumpkins G. L. Luri Ed
25、ward M. McCall, II George J. Miao Gary Michel Apurva N. Mody Ram M. Narayanan Michael S. Newman Paul Nikolich Satoshi Obara Chris L. Osterloh Subburajan Ponnuswamy Cam K. Posani Vikram Punj Jose Puthenkulam Marc A. Ressler Robert A. Robinson Frank H. Rocchio Randall M. Safier Osman Sakr John H. Sant
26、hoff Bartien Sayogo Thomas E. Starai Walter Struppler Mark A. Sturza Hongbo Sun James D. Taylor Lai King Anna Tee Vathana Thirakul Mark A. Tillinghast Thomas M. Wandeloski Paul R. Work Oren Yuen George A. Zimmerman When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 6 December 2006, it had th
27、e following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Richard H. Hulett, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Mark D. Bowman Dennis B. Brophy William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Robert M. Grow Joanna N. Guenin Julian Forster* Mark S. Halpin Kenneth S. Hanus William B. Hopf Joseph L
28、. Koepfinger* David J. Law Daleep C. Mohla T. W. Olsen Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Walter Weigel Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IE
29、EE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Alan H. Cookson, NIST Representative Michelle D. Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development vi Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1
30、.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 1 3. Definitions 2 B .2 C .2 F2 G .2 I.3 J.3 N .3 O .3 R .3 S3 T3 U .3 vii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Standard for Ultrawideband Radar Definitions 1. 1.11.22. Overview Scope This document organizes and standardizes the terms and definitions us
31、ed in the field of ultrawideband (UWB) radar. Purpose The definitions presented in this standard represent a consensus of UWB radar experts at the time of publication. Wherever possible, the definitions have been adopted from governing bodies such as the United States Federal Communications Commissi
32、on (FCC) responsible for regulating commercial use of UWB radio and radar systems. For historical perspective, alternative definitions used before the establishment of government standards are also given. UWB radar is a field of radar that is finding multiple applications in the United States and in
33、ternationally. The purpose of this standard is to promote clarity and consistency in the use of the terminology used in UWB radar applications. Changes to this standard are anticipated, and industry professionals in this area of practice are encouraged to communicate directly concerning issues with
34、the current definitions, suggested changes, and/or the addition of new definitions. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
35、referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. FCC 02-48, Revision of Part 15 of the Commissions Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Systems: First Report and Order, Washington, DC, adopted 14 February 2002, released 22 April 2002.11This publication is available from the Federal Co
36、mmunications Commission, 445 12th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20554, USA (http:/www.fcc.gov/). 1 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 1672-2006 IEEE Standard for Ultrawideband Radar Definitions IEEE 100, The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition, New York, In
37、stitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.2, 3IEEE Std 686-1997, IEEE Standard Radar Definitions. 3. Definitions For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms4should be referenced for terms not defined in this
38、 clause. - B - 3.1 bandwidth: (fh fl), where fhand flare the highest and lowest signal frequencies, respectively, beyond which the signal is at least 10 dB below the peak signal. 3.2 baseband radar: A form of UWB radar in which the transmitted signal is at baseband, i.e., without a carrier frequency
39、. Syn: impulse radar. - C - 3.3 carrier-free radar: A form of UWB radar in which the transmitted signal is free of carrier frequency. Syn: impulse radar. 3.4 center frequency: (fh+ fl)/2, where fhand flare the highest and lowest signal frequencies, respectively, beyond which the signal is at least 1
40、0 dB below the peak signal. - F - 3.5 fractional bandwidth: The ratio of signal bandwidth to the average frequency Bf= 2(fh fl)/(fh+ fl), where fhand flare the highest and lowest signal frequencies, respectively, beyond which the signal is at least 10 dB below the peak signal. - G - 3.6 geometric ce
41、nter frequency: cg h lf ff=, where fhand flare the highest and lowest signal frequencies, respectively, beyond which the signal is at least 3 dB from the peak signal spectrum. 3.7 ground penetrating radar (GPR): A UWB radar set for probing and imaging through the earth, rock formations, buildings, b
42、ridge decks, archeological sites, crime scenes, etc. Ground penetrating radars generally use impulse signals at relatively low frequencies, e.g., below 5 GHz. Generally built as a specialized impulse radar. Syn: subsurface radar. - I - 3.8 impulse radar: A radar in which the transmitted pulse consis
43、ts of one or a few cycles of carrier, usually generated by the applications of a short video pulse to a wideband radio-frequency amplifier (e.g., a traveling-wave tube) or directly to a wideband antenna (e.g., a dipole). (See IEEE 100 and IEEE Std 686-1997.) 2IEEE publications are available from the
44、 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 3The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 4For information on references, see
45、Clause 2. 2 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 1672-2006 IEEE Standard for Ultrawideband Radar Definitions - J - 3.9 Johnston factor: The ratio of fh/fl, where fhand flare the highest and the lowest signal frequency limits, respectively. When the signal or waveforms Johnston factor i
46、s larger than the fraction 9/7 or decimal 1.3, corresponding to a fractional bandwidth of 0.25, the signal or waveform is UWB. - N - 3.10 nonsinusoidal radar: (A) A form of UWB radar in which the transmitted signal is not modulated by a radio-frequency sine waveform. (B) A form of UWB radar that use
47、s irregular waveforms, such as square, triangular, phase code modulated, short duration impulses, frequency modulated, etc., instead of a modulated sine wave. 3.11 nonsinusoidal signal: A finite energy signal in which the time variation differs from that of a sinusoidal function. - O - 3.12 orthogon
48、al waveforms: Electromagnetic waves that do not interfere with other signals. Harmuth orthogonal functions are a type of orthogonal waveform. - R - 3.13 relative bandwidth: (A) A factor that evaluates the bandwidth of a radio signal. It is often defined by the decimal value of fh/fl, where fhand fla
49、re the highest and the lowest signal frequency limits, respectively. (B) The ratio ()()H LH Lffff+=where fLand fHare the lowest and highest frequencies of interest, respectively. For extremely wide bandwidths, fLand fHare sometimes set by the 10 dB points from the highest signal level. - S - 3.14 subsurface radar: See: ground penetrating radar. 3.15 super wideband radar: An early term for UWB radar. - T - 3.16 time-domain radar: An early term for UWB radar. It was so named because the analysis required a time-doma
