1、IEEE Std 1660-2008IEEE Guide for Application andManagement of StationaryBatteries Used in Cycling ServiceIEEE3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA21 November 2008IEEE Power +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obt
2、ained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1660-2008, IEEE Guide for Application and Management of Stationary Batteries Used in Cycling Service. The term “stationary battery” tends to conjure up many interpretations among power engineers, dep
3、ending on ones perspectives on battery energy storage. A stationary battery can be operated in two basic modes: 1) standby (or float) and 2) cycling applications including primary-power batteries, i.e., off-grid hybrid power sources, or distributed energy resources applications. Many standards devel
4、oped for standby applications do not apply to cycling applications, and vice versa, but many users are unaware of the differences between standby and cycling battery operation and maintenance requirements. The purpose of this guide is to differentiate between these two applications and increase awar
5、eness of why and how to manage them differently. The guide is primarily informational and is not intended to provide specific recommendations for battery management in cycling applications. The targeted users are the owners, maintainers, and designers of battery systems used in stationary applicatio
6、ns. Some cycling applications, particularly those in grid-connected systems, are still emerging, and detailed operational and maintenance procedures are still being developed. The information on photovoltaic applications in this guide can be used as an example of a cycling application where this mat
7、erial has been formalized. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsib
8、le for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE
9、. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoptio
10、n by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time throu
11、gh the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether i
12、t has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE stan
13、dards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. iv Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. v Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/ reading/
14、ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation o
15、f this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license
16、may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of
17、 this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Participants At the time this guide was completed, th
18、e Application and Management Battery Cycling Working Group had the following membership: Garth P. Corey, Chair James McDowall, Vice Chair Curtis Ashton Jay L. Chamberlin Robert L. Hammond Paul Hectors John Kopera Tom E. Ruhlmann Philip C. Symons Edward D. Wirth, Jr. The following members of the indi
19、vidual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman James Anderson Curtis Ashton Gary Balash Farouk Baxter Robert Beavers William Cantor Jay L. Chamberlin Mark Clark Randy Clelland Garth P. Corey Charles B. Cotton Don
20、ald Dunn Gary Engmann Robert Fletcher Randall Groves Paul Hectors David Horvath David Ittner Wayne Johnson Jim Kulchisky Chung-Yiu Lam Daniel Lambert Thomas La Rose Thomas Lundquist G. Luri Keith Malmedal James McDowall Jeffrey Merryman Gary Michel Kimberly Mosley Haissam Nasrat Michael S. Newman Ba
21、nsi Patel Edward Rafter David Smith William W. Terry Stephen Vechy John Vergis Kenneth White Ahmed Zobaa When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 26 September 2008, it had the following membership: Robert M. Grow, Chair Thomas Prevost, Vice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorm
22、an, Secretary Victor Berman Richard DeBlasio Andy Drozd Mark Epstein Alexander Gelman William Goldbach Arnie Greenspan Ken Hanus Jim Hughes Richard Hulett Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ron Petersen Chuck Powers Narayanan Ramachandran Jon Walter Rosdahl A
23、nne-Marie Sahazizian Malcolm Thaden Howard Wolfman Don Wright *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Michael H. Kelley, NIST Representative Lisa Perry IEEE Standards Project Editor Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE Sta
24、ndards Program Manager, Technical Program Development vi Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 1 3. Definitions 2 3.1 Definitions . 2 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations . 2 4. Basic application concepts 3 4.1 Standby versus c
25、ycling batteries 3 4.2 Cycle life . 5 4.3 Charge efficiency. 6 5. Lead-acid technology . 6 5.1 General 6 5.2 Lead-acid battery cell reactions . 7 5.3 Lead-acid cell construction 8 5.4 Selection criteria for lead-acid batteries in cycling applications . 9 6. Operating issues . 9 6.1 Cycling applicati
26、ons 9 6.2 Charging energy limitations 10 6.3 Discharge rate and depth of discharge. 10 6.4 Battery sizing issues 11 6.5 End of battery life 11 7. Charge management . 12 7.1 General 12 7.2 Charging of lead-acid batteries 12 7.3 Charging considerations for standby batteries. 13 7.4 Charging considerat
27、ions for cycling batteries 14 8. Maintenance and testing . 14 8.1 General 14 8.2 Types of battery system maintenance 15 8.3 Types of battery system tests. 15 8.4 Factors influencing battery maintenance and testing procedures 15 8.5 The existing battery maintenance and testing standards 18 8.6 The ne
28、ed for new maintenance and testing standards 19 vii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. viii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. 9. Alternative electricity storage technologies 21 9.1 General 21 9.2 Nickel-cadmium 21 9.3 Nickel-metal hydride . 21 9.4 Lithium-ion 21 9.5 Sodium-sulfur 22 9
29、.6 Flow technologies 22 9.7 Non-battery storage technologies 23 9.8 Future outlook 24 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 25 Annex B (informative) Lead-acid cell theory and construction . 26 IEEE Guide for Application and Management of Stationary Batteries Used in Cycling Service IMPORTANT NOTICE:
30、This standard is not intended to assure safety, security, health, or environmental protection in all circumstances. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made av
31、ailable for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on r
32、equest from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This guide provides information on the differences between stationary standby and stationary cycling applications and appropriate battery management strategies in cycling operations. While the primary
33、emphasis is on lead-acid batteries, information is also provided on alternative and emerging storage technologies. The management of battery systems in stationary standby service is covered in other IEEE documents and is beyond the scope of this guide. 1.2 Purpose This guide is meant to provide assi
34、stance to users of stationary battery systems in determining appropriate battery management strategies that may be applied by addressing the primary similarities and differences in battery design and operation for standby versus cycling applications. 2. Normative references The following referenced
35、documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
36、 of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. 1 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 1660-2008 IEEE Guide for Application and Management of Stationary Batteries Used in Cycling Service 2 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 450, IEEE Recomm
37、ended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications.1, 2IEEE Std 485, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications. IEEE Std 937, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation and Maintenance of Lead-
38、Acid Batteries for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. IEEE Std 1013, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. IEEE Std 1106, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation, Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Sta
39、tionary Applications. IEEE Std 1188, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries for Stationary Applications. IEEE Std 1361, IEEE Guide for Selection, Charging, Test, and Evaluation of Lead-Acid Batteries Used in Stand-Alone Photo
40、voltaic (PV) Systems. 3. Definitions For the purposes of this guide, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms B2 should be referenced for terms not defined in this clause.33.1 Definitions 3.1.1 cycling: The repeated charge/discharge of a storage
41、 battery. Some batteries are rated by their ability to withstand repeated, deep discharge cycles. 3.1.2 standby power system (emergency and standby power): An independent reserve source of electric energy that, upon failure or outage of the normal source, provides electric power of acceptable qualit
42、y so that the users facility may continue in satisfactory operation. 3.1.3 stationary battery: A storage battery designed for service in a permanent location. 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations AGM absorbed glass mat CHP combined heat and power DER distributed energy resources DOD depth of discharge EDL
43、C electric double-layer capacitor HEV hybrid electric vehicle MPPT maximum power point tracking PSOC partial state of charge 1IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 2The IEEE st
44、andards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A. IEEE Std 1660-2008 IEEE Guide for Application and Management of Stationary Batteries Used in Cycli
45、ng Service PTC PV USA test conditions PV photovoltaic PWM pulse-width modulation SMES superconducting magnetic energy storage SOC state of charge SOH state of health STC standard test conditions T constant Renewable; variable Grid; constant Equalization required Infrequent Yes Yes Operating temperat
46、ure 5 C to +50 C 20 C to +50 C 5 C to +50 C aBy convention in the battery industry, the C rate used in this table is a current in amperes that is numerically equal to the rated ampere-hour (Ah) capacity. 3 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 1660-2008 IEEE Guide for Application and Ma
47、nagement of Stationary Batteries Used in Cycling Service 4 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Standby battery charge/discharge characteristics are well defined and straightforward. The batteries are in a float condition for indefinite periods and deliver power to the load infrequently. Sulfat
48、ion of the plates and frequent equalization are not issues. Cycling battery charge/discharge characteristics are very different from those of standby batteries, especially for renewable-energy applications such as PV. Because standards for PV applications already exist, this class of applications wi
49、ll be used throughout the remainder of the guide as the primary example of a cycling application. An example of a stand-alone remote PV home4will be used to describe a typical cycling application of a stationary battery. A block diagram of the system is shown in Figure 1. Charge/discharge cycles for the month of December are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Daily DOD is 15% to 25% (monthly average, 20.3%), but on days with little sun the DOD reaches 50%. In areas with significant seasonal variability, the daily cycles may be superimposed on a periodic
