1、IEEE Std 1502-2007IEEE Recommended Practice forRadar Cross-Section Test ProceduresIEEE3 Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5997, USA7 September 2007IEEE Antennas and Propagation SocietySponsored by theAntenna Standards Committee1502TMIEEE Std 1502-2007 IEEE Recommended Practice for Radar Cross-Section Te
2、st Procedures Sponsor Antenna Standards Committee of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Approved 8 March 2007 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: This recommended practice describes the process of the measurement of the radar cross section of objects using a test range. The term “radar cross se
3、ction” is defined, and the characteristics of different types of test ranges are given. The responsibilities of the test range operators are shown to involve test and calibration of the measurement range systems as well as accurately carrying out the measurements. Techniques are described for each s
4、tage of this process. Keywords: radar cross section (RCS), radar test range The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2007 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 7 September
5、 2007. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights
6、 reserved. Introduction The measurement of radar cross section began to be a very important science in the 1960s and 1970s. Many test ranges were designed and built during that time. In the 1980s and 1990s, radar cross-section test ranges and the procedures to test, calibrate, and use them remained
7、individualized. The operators of each test range used practices developed by the scientists and engineers that designed the test ranges. This recommended practice for radar cross-section test procedures is an attempt to provide a standard of practice across this community. It is developed for the te
8、st range operator, manager, and user of test range data. The IEEE Standards Board first approved this recommended practice as a new project on 20 March, 1997. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/readi
9、ng/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementatio
10、n of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a
11、 license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. This introduction is not part
12、of IEEE Std 1502-2007, IEEE Recommended Practice for Radar Cross-Section Test Procedures. v Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this recommended practice was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Radar Cross-Section Testing Working Group had the fo
13、llowing membership: Eric K. Walton, Chair Brian M. Kent Dean L. Mensa Edward A. Urbanik Ronald C. Wittmann During preparation of this recommended practice, the following people made substantial contributions: Charles C. Allen Donald G. Bodnar Allan Buck Robert B. Dybal Nicholas C. Currie Joseph Davi
14、s William J. English Michael H. Francis E. Stan Gillespie George H. Hagn Jerome Hanfling Robert C. Hansen Edward Hart Doren Hess Randy J. Jost Edward Joy Walter K. Kahn J. Lemanczyk Richard B. Mack Lorant A. Muth H. George Oltman A. David Olver William C. Parnell Harold R. Raemer Andrew G. Repjar An
15、toine G. Roederer Allen C. Schell Gus P. Tricoles Michael T. Tuley Jonathan D. Young The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this recommended practice. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. David A. Baron Tommy P. Cooper Michael H. Francis Av
16、raham Freedman Randall C. Groves Timothy E. Harrington Werner Hoelzl Dennis Horwitz Raj Jain Randy J. Jost G. L. Luri Gary L. Michel Michael S. Newman Charles Kamithi Ngethe Robert A. Robinson Bartien Sayogo Thomas E. Starai Mark A. Tillinghast Edward A. Urbanik Eric K. Walton Jeffrey S. Way Oren Yu
17、en When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this recommended practice on 8 March 2007, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Robert M. Grow, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Richard DeBlasio Alex Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Joanna N. Gue
18、nin Julian Forster* Kenneth S. Hanus William B. Hopf Richard H. Hulett Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Narayanan Ramachandran Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia C. Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L.
19、Townsend Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Alan H. Cookson, NIST Representative Michelle D. Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development vi Copyright 2007 IEEE. All righ
20、ts reserved. vii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. The radar cross-section measurement process 1 2.1 Introduction . 1 2.2 Radar cross-section measurement background 2 2.3 Standardized test procedures . 4 3. Measurement techniques 5 3.1 Ge
21、neral 5 3.2 Outdoor ranges 5 3.3 Indoor ranges . 10 3.4 Test zone plane wave characterization 14 3.5 Clutter and noise reduction techniques 16 3.6 Target support concepts. 21 3.7 Drift . 25 3.8 I/Q balance. 25 3.9 Linearity 27 3.10 Waveforms. 28 3.11 Spatial and frequency averaging 31 4. RCS imaging
22、 concepts . 32 4.1 General 32 4.2 Image quality . 33 4.3 Noise 35 4.4 Selection of measurement parameters . 36 4.5 Range ambiguities . 36 4.6 Cross-range ambiguities 36 4.7 Windowing and discretization . 37 4.8 Experimental design for a two-dimensional imaging measurement task. 37 5. Organizing rada
23、r cross-section range documentation. 38 5.1 Introduction . 38 5.2 Background 39 5.3 An Introduction to ANSI/NCSL Z-540 . 39 5.4 ANSI/NCSL Z-540-1994-1: A brief overview of Part I by clause 40 5.5 Supplementary documentation sections. 42 5.6 Organizing the RCS range book to comply with ANSI/NCSL Z-54
24、0. 42 5.7 Self-registration and third-party certification review of the range book 43 5.8 Summary 44 6. RCA uncertainty analysis . 44 6.1 Uncertainty and error. 44 6.2 Reasonable and uniform analysis 44 6.3 Reporting measurement uncertainty 45 6.4 Uncertainty analysis 48 6.5 Overall uncertainty 54 v
25、iii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. 7. Test planning 54 7.1 General 54 7.2 Overview . 54 7.3 Reasons for a test plan . 55 7.4 The test plan process 55 7.5 Conclusions . 57 8. Summary 57 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 58 IEEE Recommended Practice for Radar Cross-Section Test Procedure
26、s 1. 1.11.22. 2.1Overview Scope This recommended practice establishes processes for the measurement of the electromagnetic scattering from objects. It is written for the personnel responsible for the operation of test ranges, and not for the design of such ranges. It recommends procedures for testin
27、g and documenting the quality of the measurement system, for calibrating the measurement system, for carrying out the radar scattering measurements, and for delivering the measurement data in a useful format to the end user. The document defines radar cross section (RCS), describes different types o
28、f test ranges, and reviews methods of characterizing and operating radar scattering measurement ranges. Issues related to test object support systems, types of test ranges, instrumentation, signal polarization, calibration, data analysis, and range uncertainty are also discussed. Purpose Most radar
29、scattering measurement ranges are built for a specific localized purpose. Methods of characterizing the ranges and performing the measurements are developed for the specific needs of each particular test range. This recommended practice is intended to establish guidelines so that operators and users
30、 of such ranges can provide results that are useful across the larger community of users. The radar cross-section measurement process Introduction Radar scattering is typically represented as the RCS of the test object. This term evolved from the basic metric for radar scattering as the ratio of the
31、 power scattered from an object in units 1 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 1502-2007 IEEE Recommended Practice for Radar Cross-Section Test Procedures of power per solid angle (steradian) normalized to the plane wave illumination in units of power per unit area. The RCS is thus gi
32、ven in units of area (or effective cross-sectional area of the target, thus, the name). Note that the RCS of the test object is a property of the test object alone, and not a function of the radar system or the distance between the radar and the test object, as long as the object is in the far field
33、. Often, this cross-sectional area is expressed in units of decibels with respect to a square meter and is abbreviated as dBsm (sometimes DBSM). Using this definition, the RCS of a radar target is a scalar ratio of powers. If the effects of polarization and of phase are included, the scattering can
34、be expressed as a complex scattering matrix. The measurement of the RCS of a test object requires the test object to be illuminated by an electromagnetic plane wave and the resultant scattered signal to be observed in the far field. After calibration, this process yields the RCS of the test object i
35、n units of area, or the full scattering matrix as a set of complex scattering coefficients. The responsibilities of the range operators from the perspective of this document are listed as follows: Establish and document procedures for performing test measurements and follow those procedures Carry ou
36、t radar scattering measurements Process the raw measurement data for quality assurance. Calibrate the system to obtain data in standard units of RCS Establish the overall accuracy of the measurement range (the error bars on the RCS measurements) Determine the accuracy of the measurement instrumentat
37、ion Determine the quality of the illuminating plane wave Determine the accuracy of the calibration reference standards Deliver the data and documentation to the end user 2.22.2.1Radar cross-section measurement background Measurement history Radar reflectivity measurements go back to the earliest day
38、s of radar. What are now known as RCS measurements began to be more openly discussed in the literature in the late 1950s and early 1960s (Bachman et al. B2 Cummings B8, Kennedy B21, and Radar Reflectivity Measurements Symposium B481), although much of that work was under the auspices of the military
39、 and thus not readily available. This situation began to change with the 1965 publication of a special issue of the Proceedings of the IEEE B42 devoted to the topics associated with radar reflectivity. Several of the 1965 papers in this issue were specifically oriented toward the requirements of RCS
40、 measurements, including an overview of the state of the art in RCS measurements (Blacksmith et al. B4 and Blacksmith and Mack B5, as well as papers on such specialized topics as range requirements (Kouyoumjian and Peters B31), target support issues (Freeny B10), and measurement techniques (Bachman
41、B3 and Huynen B14). Also included were discussions of typical facilities, both static (Marlow et al. B34), and dynamic (Olin and Queen B39). With the publication of this issue, a growing open-source literature base on RCS measurements became available to those working in the field. 1The numbers in b
42、rackets correspond to those in the bibliography in Annex A. 2 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 1502-2007 IEEE Recommended Practice for Radar Cross-Section Test Procedures The ensuing period marked the beginnings of two measurement trends: the rapid development of new approaches to
43、making measurements, and the desire to make measurements of targets with low radar cross section. There was a major push to significantly reduce the radar scattering from military vehicles with such programs as the U-2 and SR-71. Along with the objective to produce vehicles with reduced RCS came the
44、 requirement to accurately measure these smaller signal levels. In addition, many applications required the full complex polarimetric scattering matrix. Thus, there were significant efforts made to improve the technology of RCS measurements, including increased dynamic range and complex phasor measu
45、rements. During this same time period, significant research was being conducted on the theory of electromagnetic scattering. Universities such as Syracuse University, the University of Michigan, The Ohio State University, and Georgia Institute of Technology were engaged in understanding the foundati
46、ons of scattering, with the objective of making better measurements as well as being able to analytically and numerically predict the scattering from increasingly complex objects. Many tools in current use, such as the method of moments (MOM), the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD), and physica
47、l optics (PO) were developed during this period. The development of these tools was significant for the measurement process, because modern calibration methods require the ability to predict the scattering from calibration targets to a high degree of accuracy. Significant progress in RCS reduction r
48、equires progress in the areas of theory, prediction, and measurement. Although the technical community has made great strides in its ability to make RCS measurements, there are still some areas in need of improvement. Among these areas is the need for community-wide recognized reference standards th
49、at can be used for calibration of RCS measurements. Additionally, there is a need for a readily available standardized process for making RCS measurements. Although there is currently no internationally accepted set of RCS procedures for characterizing the performance of an RCS measurement range, Clause 7 provides guidance to organize the documentation for the operation and characterization of a range in accordance with ANSI-Z-540-1994-1 B1, which is the U.S. version of ISO/IEC 17025 B17. This document discusses these issues
