1、IEEE Std 1023-2004(Revision ofIEEE Std 1023-1988)1023TMIEEE Recommended Practice for theApplication of Human Factors Engineeringto Systems, Equipment, and Facilities ofNuclear Power Generating Stations andOther Nuclear Facilities3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USAIEEE Power Engineering Socie
2、tySponsored by theNuclear Power Engineering Committee8 June 2005Print: SH95309PDF: SS95309Recognized as anAmerican National Standard (ANSI)The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2005 by the IEEE.All rights reserved. Published 8
3、 June 2005. Printed in the United States of America.IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iiiCopyright 2005 IEEE. All ri
4、ghts reserved.IntroductionThis introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1023-2004, IEEE Recommended Practice for the Application of HumanFactors Engineering to Systems, Equipment, and Facilities of Nuclear Power Generating Stations and Other NuclearFacilities.The need for the application of human factor
5、s engineering (HFE) in the life cycle activities of nuclear powergenerating stations and other nuclear facilities has been demonstrated by plant operating histories andregulatory and industry reviews. Prior to the incident at Three Mile Island-Unit 2 (TMI-2) in 1979, littleguidance for the applicati
6、on of HFE in nuclear facilities existed. Evaluation of the TMI-2 incident revealedthat better application of HFE in nuclear power plant design could contribute to reducing human errors,mitigating events, and preventing accidents. Based on this potential for improved nuclear safety, the NuclearRegula
7、tory Commission instituted guidance for the incorporation of HFE principles in the design of nuclearpower plants. Department of Energy laboratories and industry groups such as the Electric Power ResearchInstitute and the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations have also provided research, studies, and
8、methodologies to support the application of HFE to further the safe operation of nuclear facilities.This Recommended Practice, IEEE 1023-2004, is provided to promote the systematic application of HFE innuclear facility programs. It is intended to serve as the top-level program document under which a
9、dditionalstandards are written or referenced to address specific technical needs. As the top-level document, it isbeyond the scope of this Recommended Practice to offer the detailed guidance that is needed to support thevarious activities that may be implemented by such programs. However, since TMI
10、2, detailed guidance onmany relevant topics has been provided by numerous sources. Such guidance may be accessed, for example,through the Bibliography given in Annex A. This revision takes a more flexible approach than did its predecessor. A more flexible approach was deemednecessary to accommodate
11、the Recommended Practices expanded scope, which now 1) includes nuclearfacilities besides power plants, and 2) addresses the entire facility life cycle (formerly just the designprocess). Flexibility was also warranted to balance the increased rigor of a Recommended Practice over aGuide, and to resol
12、ve the diversity of views existing on the Subcommittee. In the revision process, efforts were made to add practical substance, to be compatible with other industrystandards, and to consider current industry trends. A particular concern was to prepare for the increasing roleof risk-informed and risk-
13、based assessment in nuclear facility licensing and operation. The key notion of“significant human interface“, retained from the original guide, was thus refined to incorporate and relate theconcepts of acceptable performance, human error, and facility risk. IEEE Std 1023 was initially published in 1
14、988 as an IEEE Guide. The current revision was begun underWorking Group 7.1 of Subcommittee 7, Human Factors and Control Facilities, and was completed underWorking Group 5.1, Human Factors Applications and Methods, of Subcommittee 5 (SC-5) Human Factors,Control Facilities, and Reliability, of the Nu
15、clear Power Engineering Committee of the IEEE. Notice to usersPatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mattercovered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity o
16、f any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifyingpatents or patent applications for which a license may be required by to implement an IEEE standard or forconducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its atten
17、tion.ivCopyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved.ErrataErrata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL forerrata periodically.InterpretationsCurrent interpret
18、ations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/index.html.ParticipantsAt the time this revision was completed the Human Factors Applications and Methods Working Group 5.1had the following membership:Hamilton C. Fish, Administrative ChairStephen Fleger, Alte
19、rnate ChairRobert B. Fuld, Standard ChampionThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may havevoted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William BanksValerie BarnesMichael BoggiJames BongarraRonald BradfordBruce BreslauRay ChristensenAndrew Dy
20、kesDaryl HarmonJames HerrinJay PersenskySam HuertzWilliam KleinDoug LenkerScott MalcolmWilliam MangianteJohn OHaraJulie ReedRobert SherankoRobert StarkeyEugene TragerT. J. VossRobert WatersJames ZglinczskiSatish AggarwalStan J. ArnotFarouk BaxterJames BongarraWesley BowersDaniel BrosnanRobert Carrut
21、hJohn CarterGarry ChapmanAmir El-SheikhHamilton FishStephen FlegerRonald FlueggeJay ForsterRobert FuldBritton GrimRandall GrovesAjit GwalWilliam HadovskiDaryl HarmonWolfgang B. HaverkampDavid HorvathPeter HungPaul JohnsonGerald LantzJohn MacDonaldFaramarz MaghsoodlouJohn MerandoGary MichelBrian Newe
22、llRoger ParkerJulius PersenskyJames RuggieriWilliam SchwartzBarry SkorasNeil SmithRichard StarckJames StonerJohn TaylorJames ThomasT. J. VossLi Zhang vCopyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved.When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 8 December 2004, it had the followingmembership:D
23、on Wright, ChairSteve M. Mills, Vice ChairJudith Gorman, Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC RepresentativeRichard DeBlasio, DOE RepresentativeAlan Cookson, NIST RepresentativeDon MessinaIEEE Standards Project Ed
24、itorChuck AdamsH. Stephen BergerMark D. BowmanJoseph A. BruderBob DavisRoberto de Marca BoissonJulian Forster*Arnold M. GreenspanMark S. HalpinRaymond HapemanRichard J. HollemanRichard H. HulettLowell G. JohnsonJoseph L. Koepfinger*Hermann KochThomas J. McGeanDaleep C. MohlaPaul NikolichT. W. OlsenR
25、onald C. PetersenGary S. RobinsonFrank StoneMalcolm V. ThadenDoug ToppingJoe D. WatsonCONTENTS1. Overview 11.1 Scope . 11.2 Purpose 12. Normative references 13. Definitions 24. Systematic application of human factors engineering 35. Basic considerations of human factors engineering 35.1 Task conside
26、rations . 45.2 Environmental considerations . 65.3 Equipment considerations 75.4 Personnel considerations . 85.5 Organization and support considerations. 96. Implementation of human factors engineering activities 116.1 Engineering process model 116.2 Planning. 126.3 Analysis . 136.4 Specification 14
27、6.5 Testing and evaluation. 166.6 Operations and maintenance 17Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 19Annex B (informative) Sample implementations of HFE activities per the Star Model 21Annex C (informative) Screening checklist . 25C.1 Task requirements. 25C.2 Control board, panel or rack modificati
28、on 25C.3 Component replacements 26Annex D (informative) Design review checklist 28viCopyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved.Copyright 2005. IEEE All rights reserved. 11.1.11.22.IEEE Recommended Practice for the Application of Human Factors Engineering to Systems, Equipment, and Facilities of Nuclea
29、r Power Generating Stations and Other Nuclear Facilities Overview Scope This document provides recommended practices for applying human factors engineering (HFE) to systems and equipment that have significant human interfaces in nuclear power generating stations and other nuclear facilities. Purpose
30、 This document provides recommended practices to engineering personnel for development of integrated programs for applying human factors engineering to the design, operation, and maintenance of nuclear power generating stations and other nuclear facilities. Normative references The following referen
31、ced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. ANSI/ANS 3.1, Selection, Qualification, and Training of Person
32、nel for Nuclear Power Plants.1ANSI/ANS 3.2, Administrative Controls and Quality Assurance for the Operational Phase of Nuclear Power Plants. 1ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA (htt
33、p:/www.ansi.org/). IEEE Std 1023-2004 Recommended Practice for the Application of Human Factors Engineering to Systems, Equipment, and Facilities Copyright 2005. IEEE All rights reserved. 23.ANSI/ANS 3.5, Nuclear Power Plant Simulators for Use in Operator Training. ANSI/ANS 58.8, Time Response Desig
34、n Criteria for Safety-Related Operator Actions. IEEE Std 497, Standard Criteria for Accident Monitoring Instrumentation for Nuclear Power Generating Stations.2, 3IEEE Std 603, IEEE Standard Criteria for Safety Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations. IEEE Std 845, IEEE Guide for the Evaluation
35、 of Human-System Performance in Nuclear Power Generating Stations. IEEE Std 1082, IEEE Guide for Incorporating Human Action Reliability Analysis for Nuclear Power Generating Stations. IEEE Std 1220, IEEE Standard for Application some important issues are discussed below. Performance criteria Adequat
36、e performance on required tasks should be defined by performance criteria. Performance criteria should be compatible with human capabilities and limits. Performance criteria should incorporate reasonable margins with respect to the consequences of inadequate performance. Task Feedback Feedback is a
37、returned indication of the response of an object to control input. Feedback is particularly important for remote operations, where direct observation of results is limited or absent. Feedback provides users with means to confirm results, to guide subsequent actions, to detect anomalies, and to recov
38、er from errors. Human errors are often linked to inadequate task feedback. Important characteristics of task feedback that should be considered include: a) Direct indication Feedback should be driven by final, not intermediate, processes. b) Positive indication Absence of indication should not be us
39、ed as feedback. c) Timeliness Feedback should be prompt; delays reduce effectiveness. d) Sufficient precision Feedback should meet the precision requirements of the task. Adaptability and error In contrast to machines and their relatively high reliability, adaptability is the main strength of the hu
40、man as a systems component; these features are complementary in effective design. However, human adaptability should not be relied on to achieve necessary system performance or to offset design deficiencies. Unplanned activities may lead to other undesirable results. Validation exercises (6.5.5.3) s
41、hould be demanding so that design deficiencies are not masked by routine human adaptations. Error reduction and tolerance Designers should strive to eliminate the opportunity for users to commit errors with unacceptable or undesirable consequences. However, given that human error cannot be eliminate
42、d completely, system and equipment designs should tolerate anticipated human errors such that expected consequences are acceptable. Strategies for improving tolerance of the facility to human error include: IEEE Std 1023-2004 Recommended Practice for the Application of Human Factors Engineering to S
43、ystems, Equipment, and Facilities Copyright 2005. IEEE All rights reserved. 65.25.2.15.2.25.2.3a) Apply barriers to prevent errors with unacceptable consequences (e.g., physical guards or stops; logical and mechanical interlocks; failsafe designs; or administrative controls). b) Where high task load
44、ing is a concern, 1) Increase time margins for action, or 2) Decrease task performance requirements, or 3) Make added resources available. c) Apply buffers to avoid errors with undesirable consequences (e.g., redundant structures or processes; time delays; reversible, confirmatory, or staged actions
45、). d) Address significant findings from human reliability analysis as appropriate in design, procedures, and training. e) Automate the task. Environmental considerations The following considerations of physical work environments should be addressed in life cycle activities. In each area, the applica
46、ble design basis should address strategy and provisions for continued work anticipated under degraded environmental conditions. Environmental requirements (6.4.5.4) should ensure that the design will accommodate personnel and support task performance under all necessary and anticipated conditions. T
47、emperature, airflow, and humidity A comfort zone for personnel can be defined by appropriate ranges of temperature, airflow, and humidity. These factors interact and must be addressed jointly. Occupants preferences may vary, for example, due to weather, plant mode, or the type of work to be performe
48、d. In addition, while personnel health and safety shall be protected, the comfort zone may be affected by equipment requirements or other environmental constraints. Environmental controls and/or other accommodations should maintain air quality suitable for anticipated work. Heating, ventilation, and
49、 air conditioning (HVAC) specialists should be involved in the necessary design and evaluation processes. Illumination and acoustics Human physiology and task performance are best suited by certain ranges of ambient light and sound. Light and sound may also offer aids to alertness (5.5.3.2). Adequate levels, spectra, and source positions should be considered during design and confirmed after installation. Also, interactions between lighting and visual display characteristics, and between sound levels and audio display characteristics (including voice communi
