1、Designation: F1413 07 (Reapproved 2013)F1413/F1413M 18Standard Guide forOil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment: Boom andNozzle Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1413;F1413/F1413M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers design criteria, requirements, material characteristics, and
3、 essential features for oil spill dispersantapplication systems. This guide is not intended to be restrictive to a specific configuration.1.2 This guide covers spray systems employing booms and nozzles and is not fully applicable to other systems such as firemonitors, sonic distributors, or fan-spra
4、y guns.1.3 This guide covers systems for use on ships or boats and helicopters or ships, boats, helicopters, or airplanes.1.4 This guide is one of fourseveral related to dispersant application systems using booms and nozzles. One is on design, oneon calibration, one on deposition measurements, and o
5、ne on the use of the systems. Familiarity with all four guides isrecommended.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvir
6、onmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards,
7、Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1460 Practice for Calibrating Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment Boom and Nozzle SystemsF1738 Test Method for Determination of Deposition o
8、f Aerially Applied Oil Spill Dispersants3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide will enable design of oil spill dispersant application equipment using boom and nozzle systems and ensure adesired dosage and uniformity across the swath width.3.2 This guide provides information for designing and specifyi
9、ng dispersant spray application equipment to obtain optimalapplication rates. These include specifications for minimum equipment performance, equations for estimating operationalparameters, material considerations, and a list of information to be provided to the equipment purchaser.4. Equipment Desc
10、ription4.1 GeneralOil spill dispersant spray systems include one or more booms with nozzles to form droplets, a pumping orpressure system to deliver dispersants to the boom, and associated piping and valving. All systems shall include a dispersant flowmeter and a pressure gauge. All systems shall be
11、 equipped with provision for cleaning and drainage.4.2 Ship/BoatNozzles should be selected with the assistance of the nozzle manufacturer. Each boom holding nozzles shall bedesigned to be mounted near the bow of the vessel so that the spray is uniformly deposited on the slick surface. Spray units ca
12、nbe portable or fixed. Flow correction or straightener devices, to ensure laminar flow, shall precede the nozzles. System components1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.13on Tre
13、atment.Current edition approved April 1, 2013Oct. 1, 2018. Published July 2013December 2018. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 asF1413 07. 07(2013). DOI: 10.1520/F1413-07R13.10.1520/F1413_F1413M-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.
14、org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what chan
15、ges have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the offic
16、ial document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1should be designed to give a uniform droplet spray as described in this guide. The spray pattern should be flat and strike the waterin a line perpendicular to the vessels li
17、ne of travel. The nozzle spray angle should be such that spray from adjacent nozzles overlapjust above the water.4.3 AirplanesMounting of spray booms on aircraft is subject to federal regulation. Each installation or modification requiresapproval. Nozzles may not be necessary on aircraft flying at s
18、peeds greater than 220 km/h (120 knots or 135 mph) because thewind shear alone can produce the required droplet sizes. Pressure-activated check valves must be used to eliminate drainage duringnonspraying transits. In order to minimize the effects of wind shear, nozzles should be oriented aft (180 fr
19、om the direction offlight).4.3.1 Nozzles may not be necessary on aircraft flying at speeds greater than 220 km/h (120 knots or 135 mph) because the windshear alone can produce the required droplet sizes. Pressure-activated check valves must be used to eliminate drainage duringnonspraying transits. I
20、n order to minimize the effects of wind shear, nozzles should be oriented aft (180 from the direction offlight).4.4 HelicoptersSystems may consist of spray booms with nozzles and pump/tank assemblies directly attached to thehelicopter or a bucket system slung below the helicopter. The bucket system
21、consists of a tank and pump assembly to which spraybooms with nozzles are attached. The assembly is supported from the helicopter by a cable system and is remotely controlled fromthe helicopter cabin. An indication of dispersant flow is required in the helicopter cockpit. The bucket must be stabiliz
22、ed againstrotation, yaw, and sway.4.4.1 The bucket system consists of a tank and pump assembly to which spray booms with nozzles are attached. The assemblyis supported from the helicopter by a cable system and is remotely-controlled from the helicopter cabin.An indication of dispersantflow is requir
23、ed in the helicopter cockpit. The bucket must be stabilized against rotation, yaw, and sway.5. Minimum Equipment Performance Specifications5.1 Target DosageOil spill dispersant spray equipment shall provide a dispersant dosage of between 20 to 100 L per hectare(2 to 10 U.S. gal per acre).5.2 Droplet
24、 Size DistributionThe droplet size distribution of the dispersant reaching the target shall have a Volume MedianDiameter (VMD) of 300 to 500 m. The volume median diameter is a means of expressing droplet size in terms of the volumeof liquid sprayed. The median volume diameter droplet size, when meas
25、ured in terms of volume, is a value where 50 % of the totalvolume of liquid sprayed is made up of droplets with diameters larger than the median value and 50 % smaller than the medianvalue. Droplets having diameters lesser than approximately 300 m have a lower probability of hitting the target becau
26、se ofexcessive wind drift. Particles with diameters greater than 500 m have a high probability of penetrating through the oil slick tothe water surface. Droplet size distribution may be measured using Test Method F1738.5.3 Maximum Delivery Variation Over Swath WidthThe equipment shall be capable of
27、delivering dispersant with a maximumdelivery volumetric variance of 10 % over the swath width. The swath width is defined as the length between the points at whichthe delivery drops below 90 % of the design.6. Equipment Design6.1 Dispersant Injection RateThe dispersant injection rate (for undiluted
28、or neat application, the dispersant injection rate isequal to the pump rate) must be sufficient to produce the required dosage.6.1.1 Dispersant injection rate (DIR ) should be verified using the following Eqs:DIR51.6731023SWD (1)where:DIR = dispersant injection rate in L/min,S = speed of the deliver
29、y vehicle in km/h,W = swath width in m, andD = dosage in L/ha.Or equivalently in U.S. units:DIR52.3331023SWD (2)where:DIR = dispersant injection rate in U.S. gal/min (USGPM),S = speed of the delivery vehicle in knots (if speed is in miles per hour multiply by 0.87),W = swath width in ft, andD = dosa
30、ge in U.S. gal per acre (USGPA).6.2 Droplet SizeShear is the controlling factor in determining droplet size. High shear rates result in small droplet sizes. Fordispersant application, a small droplet size is not desirable, because the dispersant can drift away from the oil slicks. Large dropletsizes
31、 are also undesirable because large droplets can penetrate the oil slick. Experience has shown that a droplet size between 300F1413/F1413M 182to 700 m VMD is most effective. Shear has two components, nozzle shear rate and air shear. Air shear is only important foraircraft flying at speeds greater th
32、an 150 km/h (80 knots or 100 mph).6.2.1 Nozzle Shear RateIn order to achieve the desired droplet size, nozzle shear rate should not exceed 10 000 reciprocalseconds (s1) for aircraft systems and 2000 reciprocal seconds for ship or boat systems. Nozzle shear can be calculated using thefollowing Eqs:SR
33、516.7FN/d 3 (3)where:SR = shear rate in reciprocal seconds (s1),FN = average flow rate per nozzle in L/min (calculated from total flow (dispersant and water) divided by the number ofnozzles), andd = the diameter of the nozzle orifice in cm.Or equivalently in U.S. units:SR53.85FN/d 3 (4)where:SR = sh
34、ear rate in reciprocal seconds (s1),FN = average flow rate per nozzle in gal/min (USGPM) (calculated from total flow (dispersant and water) divided by thenumber of nozzles), andd = the diameter of the nozzle orifice in inches (in.).6.2.2 Air ShearIn addition to the nozzle shear rate calculations sho
35、wn, aircraft dispersant application systems should bedesigned to optimize droplet size distribution by minimizing the differential between the speed of the aircraft and the dispersantexit speed. Differential speed should be less than 60 m/s (200 ft/s) in order to ensure close to 100 % deposition wit
36、hin the swathwidth.6.2.2.1 Differential speed shall be verified using the following Eqs:SD5SA20.212FN/d 2! (5)where:SD = the differential speed in m/s,SA = the aircraft speed in m/s (for speed in km/h multiply by 0.28),SA = the aircraft speed in m/s (multiply speed by 0.28 for km/h),FN = the average
37、 flow rate per nozzle in L/min, andd = the nozzle orifice diameter in cm.Or equivalently in U.S. units:SD5SA20.409FN/d 2! (6)where:SD = the differential speed in ft/s,SA = the aircraft speed in ft/s (multiply knots by 1.69 to get ft/s),FN = the average flow rate per nozzle in gal/min (USGPM), andd =
38、 the nozzle orifice diameter in inches (in.).7. Material Characteristics7.1 Corrosion ResistanceMaterials on ship or boat systems should be corrosion-resistant to salt water.All materials that comeinto contact with dispersants should be compatible with that dispersant. Special attention should be gi
39、ven to pump components.Consultation with the dispersant manufacturer is recommended.7.2 Extreme Temperature Properties Systems to be used or stored at extreme temperatures should be constructed of materialsthat are not adversely affected by those temperatures. Temperature range specifications should
40、 be clearly indicated on the sprayequipment.8. Information Provided to User8.1 Performance data that shall be provided to the user by the manufacturer include:8.1.1 Estimated or measured droplet size information (VMD in m),8.1.2 Volumetric output distribution over the swath width (%),8.1.3 A table o
41、f pump rates and dispersant injection rates ranging from the recommended minimum to the recommendedmaximum,8.1.4 Nozzle shear rate,8.1.5 The nozzle design height for ship/boat systems,F1413/F1413M 1838.1.6 Swath width,8.1.7 Differential speeds for aircraft systems at various pump settings and aircra
42、ft speeds, and8.1.8 Recommended operating pressures at the inlet to the boom.8.2 Dosage ChartThe manufacturer shall supply the user with a chart of dosages achievable with different application vehiclespeeds and different dispersant injection rates. The dosage chart may be prepared using Practice F1
43、460.8.3 Accuracy of DataThe data shall be accurate to two significant figures.8.4 Materials of ConstructionThe supplier shall provide the user with a list of materials of construction.8.5 Nozzles and Pumps:8.5.1 The supplier shall provide full data on the manufacturer, model numbers, and dimensions
44、of nozzles supplied with thespray equipment.8.5.2 The supplier shall provide full data on the manufacturer, model number, and basic maintenance and operational data onall major components of the spray equipment including pumps, eductors, flow meters, and engines.8.6 Operators ManualThe supplier shal
45、l provide a comprehensive operators manual including diagrams of the equipmentlayout.9. Keywords9.1 aerial spray; boom and nozzles; dispersant application; dispersant spray equipment; dispersants; oil spill chemicals; oil spilldispersants; oil spill treating agentsASTM International takes no positio
46、n respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
47、This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM In
48、ternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address show
49、n below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600
