1、Designation: E3102 18Standard Practice forMicrowave Examination of Polyethylene ElectrofusionJoints Used in Piping Application1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers microwave (MW) examination ofelectrofusion joints made entirely of polyethylene fo
3、r thepurpose of joining polyethylene piping.NOTE 1The notes in this practice are for information only and shallnot be considered part of this practice.NOTE 2This practice references HDPE and MDPE for pipe applica-tions as defined by Specification D3350.1.2 The electrofusion joining process can be su
4、bject to avariety of flaws including, but not limited to, lack of fusion,particulate contamination, inclusions, and voids.1.3 The practice is intended to be used on joint thicknessesof 0.5 in. to 4 in. (12 mm to 100 mm) and diameters 4 in.(100 mm) and greater. Greater and lesser thicknesses and less
5、erdiameters may be tested using this standard practice if thetechnique can be demonstrated to provide adequate detectionon mockups of the same wall thickness and geometry.1.4 This practice can be applied to post assembly inspectionof polyethylene electrofusion joints.1.5 This practice does not speci
6、fy acceptance criteria.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety
7、 concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance
8、with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standa
9、rds:2D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fit-tings MaterialsE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Documents:3Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for NondestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and Cer
10、tificationANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 Military Standard:4MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification2.4 AIA Document:5NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel
11、2.5 Welding Authority Document:6DVS Direction 2202-1 Imperfections in ThermoplasticWelded Joints; Features, Descriptions, Evaluation2.6 ISO Standard:7ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing Qualification and Cer-tification of NDT Personnel3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1
12、.1 Related terms are defined in Terminology E1316.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 onSpecialized NDT Methods.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. DOI:10.1520/E3
13、102-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for NondestructiveTest
14、ing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.5Available from Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd.,Suit
15、e 1700, Arlington, VA 22209, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.6Available from IHS, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112, http:/.7Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, ht
16、tp:/www.iso.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDeve
17、lopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.2 cell classification, nfor polyethylene pipe resin, thisis a six digit code and letter describing the primary propertiesthat are considered importan
18、t in the manufacture of PE piping,in the heat fusion joining of this material, and in defining thelong-term performance capabilities and color/UV stability. Theclassification categories are defined in Specification D3350.3.1.3 cold fusion, na joint or a region within a joint inwhich there is little
19、commingling of the polymer chains due toreasons other than contamination.3.1.4 dimension ratio (DR), nthe average outside pipediameter divided by the minimum wall thickness.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe wall thickness increases when theDR decreases.3.1.4.2 DiscussionStandard Dimension Ratio (SDR) is anANSI
20、term to describe specific DRs in the series, that is, DR9,DR11, DR17, and others.3.1.5 E plane, nin the case of a linearly polarized micro-wave probe, this is the plane that contains the electric field andis at a right angle to the H plane.3.1.6 electrofusion joining, nthe joining of two polyeth-yle
21、ne pipe ends using an electrofusion coupling that has a heatsource as an integral part of the design such as electrical wires.When a current is induced into wires, these produce heat andmelt the surrounding surfaces of the pipe and coupling. Themelted material from the two components flow together a
22、ndfuse to make the joint.3.1.7 H plane, nin the case of a linearly polarizedmicrowave probe, this is the plane that contains the magneticfield, and it is at a right angle to the E plane.3.1.8 high density polyethylene (HDPE), na tough,flexible, thermoplastic resin made by polymerizing ethylene,havin
23、g a density range of 0.940 g/cm3 0.965 g/cm3perSpecification D3350.3.1.9 index, nthe movement of the probe in the circum-ferential direction at the completion of a scan line, typically insmall increments, to position the probe to the start of the nextscan.3.1.10 material designations, na shortened c
24、ode to iden-tify the pipe materials short-term and long-term properties.3.1.10.1 DiscussionFor polyethylene, the “PE-XXXX”format represents the density (1st digit), slow crack growthresistance (2nd digit), and Hydrostatic Design Stress (HDS,last two digits) where Specification D3350 is the reference
25、.3.1.11 medium density polyethylene (MDPE), na tough,flexible, thermoplastic resin made by polymerizing ethylene,having a density range of 0.926 g/cm3 0.940 g/cm3perSpecification D3350.3.1.12 MW transducer, nan electronic device that gener-ates an electromagnetic field in the microwave frequency ran
26、ge(1 100 GHz) and is equipped with at least one microwavedetector that converts the microwave energy into voltage.3.1.13 probe, na MWtransducer and a waveguide or otherMW antenna enclosed in a fabricated container used specifi-cally for MW inspection.3.1.14 scan, nthe movement of the probe in a stra
27、ight line,usually along the long axis of the part being examined, wheredata is collected.3.1.15 standoff, nthe distance between the outside surfaceof the joint to be examined and the end of the MW probe thatis adjustable to provide proper examination of the joint.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This pract
28、ice provides a general description of theprocedures to carry out microwave examination of polyethyl-ene electrofusion joints in piping systems.4.2 This practice consists of bathing the electrofusion jointin a field of magnetic radiation at a specific frequency (or rangeof frequencies) in the microwa
29、ve range using a MW Probe.This probe is passed over the electrofusion joint in a controlledtechnique using a specified scan and index pattern until theentire part or the region of interest has been completelycovered. The reflected microwave energy is measured by thetransducer along the scan lines, a
30、nd the resulting transducervoltage is recorded along with its position as measured by scanand index coordinates. Upon completion, the voltage andposition matrix is displayed by assigning either a false colorrange or a gray scale range to the voltages.4.3 The image of the microwave scan is interprete
31、d by aqualified user per 6.2 and compared to scans generated fromthe reference components with the intent to non-destructivelyassess the overall joint quality.4.4 This practice provides a method for routine inspectionof HDPE electrofused joints prior to placing them in service aswell as for continui
32、ng in-service inspections of the joints.4.5 Examination results from the inspection using thispractice may be used in combination with acceptance criteriabased on workmanship or fitness for purpose.5. Significance and Use5.1 Polyethylene piping has been used instead of steel alloysin the petrochemic
33、al, power, water, gas distribution, andmining industries due to its resistance to corrosion and erosionand reliability. Recently, polyethylene pipe has also been usedfor nuclear safety related cooling water applications.5.2 MW examination is useful for detecting various flawsthat are known to occur
34、in polyethylene electrofused joints.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing this standard.6.2 Personnel Qualifications:6.2.1 Personnel performing examinations to this standardshall be qualified in accordance with a
35、 nationally recognizedNDT personnel qualification practice or standard such asANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, MIL-STD-410, NAS 410,or a similar document. The practice or standard used and itsapplicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agree-ment between the using parties.6.2.2 Personnel
36、shall be certified by the employer or certi-fying agency, as applicable.E3102 182NOTE 3MIL-STD-410 is canceled and has been replaced with NAS410; however, it may be used with agreement between contracting parties.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies:6.3.1 NDT agencies shall be qualified and
37、evaluated asdescribed in Specification E543. The applicable edition ofSpecification E543 shall be specified in the contractual agree-ment.6.4 Procedures and Techniques:6.4.1 The procedures and techniques to be used shall be asspecified in the contractual agreement. The contractual agree-ment shall i
38、nclude at least the following information:6.4.1.1 Type, dimensions, location, method of manufacture,and number of artificial flaws to be placed in the referencesamples.6.4.1.2 Method(s) for measuring dimensions of artificialflaws in the reference samples and tolerance limits if differentthan specifi
39、ed in Section 10.6.5 Scope of Examination:6.5.1 The scope of the intended examination shall beincluded in the contractual documents and shall include thesedefined items.6.5.1.1 Size and type of pipe to be examined.6.5.1.2 Size and type of electrofusion joint or coupling to beexamined.6.5.1.3 Number
40、or percentage of joints to be examined.6.5.1.4 The stage(s) in the manufacturing process at whichthe joints will be examined.6.5.1.5 The surface condition requirement of the inspectedarea.6.6 Reporting Criteria:6.6.1 Reporting criteria for the examination results shall bein accordance with Section 1
41、5 unless otherwise specified. Thereport shall include at least the following information:6.6.1.1 Requirements for permanent records of the responsefrom each joint, if applicable.6.6.1.2 Contents of examination report.6.7 Repaired/Reworked Items:6.7.1 Re-examination of repaired/reworked items is nota
42、ddressed in this standard and if required or permitted, shall bespecified in the contractual agreement.7. Surface Preparation7.1 All inspection surfaces shall be clean and free of scale,dirt, grease, paint, or other foreign material that could interferewith interpretation of examination results. The
43、 methods usedfor cleaning and preparing the surfaces for microwave exami-nation shall not be detrimental to the base material or thesurface finish. Excessive surface roughness or scratches canproduce signals that interfere with the examination.7.2 WarningDo not use mechanical devices (such asflapper
44、 wheels, grinders, sanders, etc.) to clean PE joints or anypart to be inspected. This action renders the part unacceptablefor inspection.7.3 Surfaces should be smooth and free of any deepgrooves, gouges, dents, or other surface geometry that mayadversely impact the inspection. Surface flaws or marki
45、ngs ofsufficient size and/or depth to be seen in the scan image shallbe noted in the inspection report as “surface flaw.” The partiesusing or referencing this standard shall determine if the flawsare of sufficient depth to render the part unacceptable.7.4 In order to aid microwave examination, the e
46、lectrodeconnections can be removed from the OD side of the joint (thatis, the side of the joint to be examined) after the joint has beenfused. Do not remove any electrodes of couplings that have notbeen fused.8. Apparatus8.1 A MW transducer with a single frequency, or a fre-quency range if a swept f
47、requency device is used, shall be usedfor this examination. The frequency or frequency range se-lected shall be shown to be capable of detecting the referenceflaws of the types described in Section 10 to the extent requiredin the standardization and procedure qualification described inSections 11 an
48、d 12.8.2 The transducer shall be mounted in a probe assemblyand shall be capable of detecting the reference flaws of thetypes described in Section 10 to the extent required in thestandardization and procedure qualification described in Sec-tions 11 and 12.8.3 The stand-off and orientation (that is,
49、E or H Field) ofthe probe shall be capable of being adjusted to produce asatisfactory signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio for the detection of therequired flaws as compared to background “noise” responsefrom irregularities such as surface roughness, labels, and wiresignal return.8.4 The final configuration of the probe and equipment shallbe selected to produce a desirable S/N for the inspection. Forexample, the minimum value for the S/N for the smallest flawin the reference pipe described in 10.3 should be at least 1.5.Ahigher minimum value is
