1、Designation: E3101 18Standard Practice forMicrowave Examination of Polyethylene Butt Fusion Joints1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3101; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers microwave (MW) examination ofbutt fusion joints made entirely of polyethylene for the purposeof joining polyet
3、hylene piping or vessel parts.NOTE 1The notes in this practice are for information only and shallnot be considered part of this practice.NOTE 2This practice references HDPE and MDPE for pipe applica-tions as defined by Specification D3350.1.2 MW examination detects differences between the di-electri
4、c constant(s) of the materials being examined. Thesedifferences may be due to material construction (expected) orflaws such as voids, cracks, or foreign material intrusion(unexpected).1.3 The butt fusion joining process can be subject to avariety of flaws including, but not limited to, lack of fusio
5、n,particulate contamination, inclusions, and voids.1.4 This practice is intended for use on polyethylene buttfusion joints of pipe diameters of 4 in. to 65 in. (100 mm 1650 mm) and wall thickness of 0.5 in. to 4 in. (12 mm 100 mm). Greater and lesser thicknesses and smaller diametersmay be tested us
6、ing this standard practice if the technique canbe demonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups ofthe same wall thickness and geometry.1.5 This standard practice does not address microwaveexamination of electrofusion joints, socket joints, or saddles.1.6 This standard details inspection requ
7、irement only.Accept/reject criteria must be established contractually and istypically done using multiple samples with mechanical test(that is, tensile test) validation.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversion
8、s to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environment
9、al practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Gu
10、ides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fit-tings MaterialsE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE1316 Termi
11、nology for Nondestructive ExaminationsF2620 Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyethylene Pipeand FittingsF2634 Test Method for Laboratory Testing of Polyethylene(PE) Butt Fusion Joints using Tensile-Impact Method2.2 ASNT Documents:3Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for NondestructiveTesting Personn
12、el Qualification and CertificationANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 Military Standard:4MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification2.4 AIA Document:5NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondest
13、ructiveTesting Personnel1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 onSpecialized NDT Methods.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. DOI:10.1520/E3101-18.2For referenced AST
14、M standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for NondestructiveTesting (ASNT), P.O. Box28518,
15、 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.5Available from Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd.,Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 2220
16、9, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Princip
17、les for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.5 Welding Authority Documents:6AWS G1.10M:2016 Guide for the Evaluation of Thermo-plastic WeldsDVS Direction 2202-1 Imperfections in The
18、rmoplasticWelded Joints; Features, Descriptions, Evaluation2.6 ISO Standard:7ISO-9712 Non-destructive Testing Qualification and Cer-tification of NDT Personnel3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 Related terms are defined in Terminology E1316.3.1.2 cell classificati
19、on, nfor polyethylene pipe resin, thisis a six digit code and letter describing the primary propertiesthat are considered important in the manufacture of PE piping,in the heat fusion joining of this material, and in defining thelong-term performance capabilities and color/UV stability. Theclassifica
20、tion categories are defined in Specification D3350.3.1.3 cold fusion, na joint or a region within a joint inwhich there is little commingling of the polymer chains due toreasons other than contamination.3.1.4 dimension ratio (DR), nthis is the average outsidepipe diameter divided by the minimum wall
21、 thickness.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe wall thickness increases when theDR decreases.3.1.4.2 DiscussionStandard Dimension Ratio (SDR) is anANSI term to describe specific DRs in the series, that is, DR9,DR11, DR17, and others.3.1.5 E plane, nin the case of a linearly polarized probe,this is the plane that
22、contains the electric field and is at a rightangle to the H plane.3.1.6 H plane, nin the case of a linearly polarized probe,this is the plane that contains the magnetic field, and it is at aright angle to the E plane.3.1.7 high density polyethylene (HDPE), na tough,flexible, thermoplastic resin made
23、 by polymerizing ethylene,having a density range of 0.940 g/cm3 0.965 g/cm3perSpecification D3350.3.1.8 index, nthe movement of the probe in the circum-ferential direction at the completion of a scan line, typically insmall increments, to position the probe to the start of the nextscan.3.1.9 materia
24、l designations, na shortened code to identifythe pipe materials short-term and long-term properties.3.1.9.1 DiscussionFor polyethylene, the “PE-XXXX” for-mat represents the density (1st digit), slow crack growthresistance (2nd digit), and Hydrostatic Design Stress (HDS,last two digits) where Specifi
25、cation D3350 is the reference.3.1.10 medium density polyethylene (MDPE), na tough,flexible, thermoplastic resin made by polymerizing ethylene,having a density range of 0.926 g/cm3 0.940 g/cm3perSpecification D3350.3.1.11 MW transducer, nan electronic device that gener-ates an electromagnetic field i
26、n the microwave frequency range(1 100 GHz) and is equipped with at least one microwavedetector that converts the microwave energy into voltage.3.1.12 polyethylene butt fusion joint, na joint made byholding the prepared squared ends of two pipes or pipe andfitting against a heated plate per the condi
27、tions of a qualifiedfusion procedure, which allows for the ends to be broughttogether after forming the proper melt, and then allowing thejoint to cool while maintaining the appropriate applied force. Itis recommended that fusion procedures comply with PracticeF2620.3.1.13 probe, na MW transducer wi
28、th a waveguide orother MW antenna enclosed in a fabricated container usedspecifically for MW inspection.3.1.14 scan, nthe movement of the probe in a straight line,usually along the long axis of the part being examined, wheredata is collected.3.1.15 standoff, nthe radial distance from the outsidesurf
29、ace of the pipe to be examined to the end of the MW probethat is adjustable to provide proper examination of the joint.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice provides a general description of theprocedures to carry out microwave examination of polyethyl-ene butt fusion joints in piping systems.4.2
30、This practice consists of bathing the butt fusion joint ina field of electromagnetic radiation at a specific frequency (orrange of frequencies) in the microwave range using a MWProbe. This probe is passed over the butt fusion joint in acontrolled technique using a specified scan and index patternunt
31、il the entire part or the region of interest has been com-pletely covered. The reflected microwave energy is measuredby the transducer along the scan lines and the resultingtransducer voltage is recorded along with its position asmeasured by scan and index coordinates. Upon completion, thevoltage an
32、d position matrix is displayed by assigning either afalse color range or a gray scale range to the voltages.4.3 The image that is created is interpreted by a userqualified per 6.2 and compared to scans generated from thereference components with the intent to non-destructivelyassess the overall join
33、t quality.4.4 Other analysis of the resulting measured voltages maybe performed to gain additional information and assessment ofthe overall joint quality.4.5 This practice provides a method for routine inspectionof butt fusion joints prior to placing them in service as well asfor continuing in-servi
34、ce inspections of the joints.4.6 Examination results from the inspection using thispractice may be used in combination with acceptance criteriabased on workmanship or fitness for purpose.6Available from IHS, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112, http:/.7Available from International Organizatio
35、n for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E3101 1825. Significance and Use5.1 Polyethylene piping has been used instead of steel alloysin the petrochemical, power, water, gas distribution, andmini
36、ng industries due to its resistance to corrosion, erosion,and reliability. Recently, polyethylene pipe has also been usedfor nuclear safety related cooling water applications.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing
37、 this standard.6.2 Personnel Qualifications:6.2.1 Personnel performing examinations to this standardshall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognizedNDT personnel qualification practice or standard such asANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, MIL-STD-410, NAS 410,or a similar document. The practi
38、ce or standard used and itsapplicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agree-ment between the using parties. (Note that MW Inspectiontraining requirements are specifically described in SNT-TC-1A.)6.2.2 Personnel shall be certified by the employer or certi-fying agency, as applicable.N
39、OTE 3MIL-STD-410 is canceled and has been replaced with NAS410; however, it may be used with agreement between contracting parties.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies:6.3.1 NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated asdescribed in Specification E543. The applicable edition ofSpecificatio
40、n E543 shall be specified in the contractual agree-ment.6.4 Procedures and TechniqueThe procedures and tech-niques to be used shall be as specified in the contractualagreement. It shall include at least the following information:6.4.1 Type, dimensions, location, method of manufacture,and number of a
41、rtificial flaws to be placed in the referencecomponents.6.4.2 Method(s) for measuring dimensions of artificial flawsin the reference components and tolerance limits if differentthan specified in Section 10.6.5 Scope of ExaminationThe scope of the examination asdefined in the report shall include the
42、se defined items:6.5.1 Size and type of butt fusion joint to be examined.6.5.2 Number or percentage of joints to be examined.6.5.3 The stage(s) in the manufacturing process at which thejoints will be examined.6.5.4 The surface condition of the inspected area.6.6 Reporting CriteriaReporting criteria
43、for the examina-tion results shall be in accordance with Section 15 unlessotherwise specified. It shall include at least the followinginformation:6.6.1 Requirements for permanent records of the responsefrom each joint, if applicable.6.6.2 Contents of examination report.6.7 Repaired/Reworked ItemsRe-
44、examination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in this standard and if requiredor permitted, shall be specified in the contractual agreement.7. Surface Preparation7.1 All inspection surfaces shall be clean and free of scale,dirt, grease, paint, or other foreign material that could interfere
45、with interpretation of examination results. The methods usedfor cleaning and preparing the surfaces for microwave exami-nation shall not be detrimental to the base material or thesurface finish. Excessive surface roughness or scratches canproduce signals that interfere with the examination.7.2 Warni
46、ngDo not use mechanical devices (such asflapper wheels, grinders, sanders, etc.) to clean PE welds or anypart to be inspected. This action renders the part unacceptablefor inspection.7.3 Surfaces should be smooth and free of any deepgrooves, gouges, dents, or other surface geometry that mayadversely
47、 impact the inspection. Surface flaws of sufficient sizeand/or depth that they appear in the scan image shall be notedin the inspection report as “surface flaw.” The parties using orreferencing this standard shall determine if the flaws are ofsufficient depth to render the part unacceptable.8. Appar
48、atus8.1 A MW transducer with a single frequency, or a fre-quency range if a swept frequency device is used, shall be usedfor this examination. The frequency or frequency range se-lected shall be shown to be capable of detecting the referenceflaws of the types described in Section 10 to the extent re
49、quiredin the standardization and procedure qualification described inSections 11 and 12.8.2 The transducer shall be mounted in a probe assemblyand shall be capable of detecting the reference flaws of thetypes described in Section 10 to the extent required in thestandardization and procedure qualification described in Sec-tions 11 and 12.8.3 The stand-off and orientation (that is, E or H Field) ofthe probe shall be capable of being adjusted to produce asatisfactory signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) for the detection of therequired flaws
