1、Designation: E2986 15E2986 18Standard Guide forEvaluation of Environmental Aspects of Sustainability ofManufacturing Processes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2986; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidance to develop manufacturer-specific procedures for evaluating the environment
3、al sustainabilityperformance of manufacturing processes. This guide introduces decision support methods that can be used to improvesustainability performance.1.2 The scope of this guide is constrained by the manufacturing phase of the life cycle. The guide addresses specifics relatedto the processes
4、 and procedures within this phase.1.3 This guide will allow manufacturers to make effective evaluations during plant and enterprise-wide decision-making withinthe manufacturing phase.1.4 This guide focuses on environmental sustainability impacts, though social and economic impacts are not explicitly
5、 excluded.1.5 This guide addresses:1.5.1 Setting boundaries for the evaluation of environmental sustainability of a process or processes,1.5.2 Identifying the process and equipment-related parameters necessary for environmental sustainability-driven processevaluation,1.5.3 Creating process models us
6、ing these parameters,1.5.4 Utilizing process models to support consistent evaluations and sustainability-driven decision-making in a manufacturingenterprise.NOTE 1See ULE 880 for additional guidance at enterprise-level decision-making.1.6 This guide may be used to complement other standards that add
7、ress sustainability and the product life cycle.This guide mostclosely relates to the inventory component as discussed in the ISO 14040 series (ISO 14040, ISO 14044) standards, efficiency asdiscussed in the ISO 50000 series (ISO 50001) standards, and resource management as discussed in the ISO 55000
8、series (ISO55001) standards.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of
9、this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished i
10、n the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1808 Guide for Designing and Conducting Visual ExperimentsE2114 Termin
11、ology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of BuildingsE2629 Guide for Verification of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Enabled Control Systems1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustainability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.13 on Sustai
12、nable Manufacturing.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2015Nov. 1, 2018. Published August 2015November 2018. Originally approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2015 asE298615. DOI: 10.1520/E2986-15.10.1520/E298618.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or cont
13、actASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes
14、 have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official
15、 document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 14001 Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for useISO 14040 Environmental managementLife management - Life cycle assess-mentPrin
16、ciples ment - Principles and frameworkISO 14044 Environmental managementLife management - Life cycle assess-mentRequirements ment - Requirements and guidelinesISO 50001 Energy managementISO 55001 Asset managementManagement systemsRequirementsmanagement - Management systems - Requirements2.3 UL Stand
17、ards:Standard:4ULE 880 Sustainability for Manufacturing Organizations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of terms shall be in accordance with Terminology E2114.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 Available from
18、UL, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096, http:/.E2986 1823.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 indicator, nquantitative value or qualitative information derived from a set of parameters that provides informationabout the state of a phenomenon.3.2.1.1 DiscussionAn example
19、 of a common indicator is CO2 equivalent emissions.53.2.1.2 DiscussionAn indicator can be used as a reference for decision-making.3.2.1.3 DiscussionThis definition is consistent with the definition in Terminology E2114.3.2.2 manufacturing resource, nany equipment, personnel, fixtures, gages, tooling
20、, external accessories, software and controlprograms, and required operational settings used in manufacturing a product.3.2.3 metric, nmeasurable quantity on which processes are evaluated and/or compared.3.2.3.1 DiscussionFor instance, CO2 equivalent emissions in metric tons or total energy consumpt
21、ion in kWh. Metrics provide a measure for whichindicators can be evaluated.3.2.4 process model, nstructured representation of the information associated with a manufacturing process.3.2.4.1 DiscussionSee Guide E2629 for process models specific to material use.3.2.5 unit manufacturing process, nequip
22、ment and associated operations that provide fundamental manufacturing function-ality for making or modifying a part, assembly, or product.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe unit manufacturing process may consist of one or more tightly integrated operations yet further decomposition of processfunctionality would
23、compromise the accuracy and application of the model.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides a reference to the manufacturing community for the evaluation of environmental sustainability aspectsof manufacturing processes. This guide is intended to improve efficiencies and consistencies of inf
24、ormal methods by providingprocedures for consistent evaluations of manufacturing processes.4.2 This guide describes a procedure to identify parameters and models for evaluating sustainability metrics for a particularprocess. Users of this guide will benefit from insight into the sustainability impli
25、cations of selected processes as well as thecontributing factors.5. Method for Manufacturing Process Evaluation5.1 To evaluate the sustainability of manufacturing processes for improvement, organizations need to develop and implementa consistent, organization-wide sustainability measurement process.
26、 The following sections provide guidelines for such a process.5.2 Setting Sustainability Objective:5.2.1 Sustainability assessment starts with a statement of the sustainability goals, including the area of opportunity to beaddressed. In this step, an organization identifies the opportunities from se
27、veral perspectives: organizational, environmental,external and internal stakeholders.5 An explanation of CO2 equivalent emissions and an overview of common repositories can be found here: http:/www.mel.nist.gov/msid/SMIR/index.html.https:/www.nist.gov/publications/sustainable-manufacturing-indicator
28、-repository. Some common repository examples include: Global Report Initiative (http:/www.globalreporting.org), Environmental Indicators for European Union (http:/www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators).E2986 183NOTE 2To define the objective(s), various methods for data collection and analysis c
29、an be used, such as interviewing managers, sustainabilityauditors, the study of past sustainability reports of the organization, or various external guidelines.5.3 Identifying Indicator:5.3.1 Indicators provide a context to measure, analyze, and score the sustainability aspects of manufacturing proc
30、esses.Indicators can be defined internally, or can be selected from various indicator repositories.5.3.2 Indicators are selected based on the sustainability objective, such as energy consumption for efficiency or CO2 equivalentemissions for climate considerations. Factors that may influence indicato
31、r selection include the type of product, type of process,type of resource, quantity of resource, final reporting format, budget, approvals required, market, time availability, or other externalguidelines.5.3.3 An indicator is characterized by the following attributes:5.3.3.1 NameThe word(s) for the
32、distinctive designation of an indicator.5.3.3.2 DefinitionThe statement expressing the essential characteristics and function of an indicator.5.3.3.3 Measurement TypeThe type of an indicator (quantitative or qualitative).5.3.3.4 Unit of MeasureThe unit value of the indicator.5.3.3.5 ReferencesCitabl
33、e documents of existing indicator set(s) or specific indicator(s), based on which an indicator isadopted from existing set(s) or newly developed.5.3.3.6 Application LevelThe level in a hierarchical organization at which the indicator is applied.5.3.4 Using this information, an organization may also
34、set up their own sustainability indicators based on their businessstrategies.5.4 Identifying Process(es):5.4.1 Process identification establishes the specific process or set of processes that contribute to the identified indicator.5.4.2 Process identification should be guided through the set objecti
35、ves and the associated indicators selected.5.4.3 The process or set of processes under evaluation should fall within the governing process or production plan. The orderin which a process is selected or an objective is determined will vary depending on the production plan and organizational goals.5.4
36、.4 Relevant documentation should be collected and may include:5.4.4.1 Engineering drawings.5.4.4.2 Routing sheets with several processes.5.4.4.3 Safety data sheets.5.4.4.4 Quality control plans that provide product and process specifications.5.4.4.5 Setup sheets for individual machines. Setup sheets
37、 include the operating parameters of the machine.5.5 Identifying Evaluation Metrics:5.5.1 Evaluation metrics associate the process or processes to be evaluated with the identified indicator. Metrics provide ameasure for which indicators can be evaluated.5.5.2 Evaluation metrics are dependent on the
38、selected indicator (example: waste for material efficiency and energy usage forenergy efficiency), the equipment and processes being evaluated, and the availability of data.5.5.3 Evaluation metric identification should take into consideration the capabilities and limitations of available measurement
39、equipment.NOTE 3Identifying the appropriate metric is important, as the metric may influence the boundary conditions of the evaluation process and theuncertainty of the results.5.6 Setting Boundary Conditions:5.6.1 Boundary conditions limit the scope and constrain the extent of the evaluation. Bound
40、ary conditions may include thephysical boundaries associated with identified equipment or time-related boundaries. Physical boundaries may be refineddepending on the definitions of the unit manufacturing processes. Time-related boundary conditions establish the period of timefor which measurements a
41、re taken or evaluation results are valid.5.6.1.1 The production plan associated with the process or processes of interest will outline and establish the boundaries.Boundaries of the evaluation may be set at the supply chain, the company, the plant level, or within the plant at the manufacturingproce
42、ss level.5.6.1.2 A manufacturing process can be described as a system that consists of multiple subprocesses within the boundaries. Asimple boundary example consists of a single unit manufacturing process and the designated manufacturing equipment.5.6.1.3 An example boundary application on a system
43、is the assembly of a hand-held power tool. The boundary will determinehow the unit is characterized, for instance, a boundary may be placed around the entire assembly process for the power tool, orthe boundary may be placed around a subassembly of the power tool.5.6.2 Establishing Process Boundaries
44、:5.6.2.1 The production plan may include handling and storage activities associated with the production process, thus includingthe peripheral equipment and storage facility. Examples include the material handling systems used to transport work-in-process(WIP) between manufacturing processes, the rac
45、ks and storage for WIP and inventory, and a portion of the heating and coolingof the facility. The organization may choose not to include the peripheral equipment and storage facility in the study.E2986 1845.6.2.2 Examples of boundary conditions that should be considered:(a) Upstream and downstream
46、information from the supply chain.(b) Materials handling between processes.(c) Allocation of energy consumption in the facility (for example, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning-HVAC).(d) Impact of peak versus off peak energy consumption.(e) Process monitoring at the machine level.5.6.2.3 Ind
47、icators and corresponding metrics will influence how boundary conditions are defined. For example, when evaluatingfor material efficiency, boundary conditions may be affected by considerations such as use of co-products, by-products, reworked,recycled or scrap material. When evaluating for energy ef
48、ficiency, considerations may include cogeneration, alternate sources ofenergy, energy audits, or reclamation of waste energy from processes (that is, using exhaust heat from one process as energy inputfor a different process).5.6.3 Establishing Unit Manufacturing Processes:5.6.3.1 The identification
49、 of unit manufacturing processes will (1) determine where measurements should be taken in order tocalculate process-specific metrics, and (2) provide boundaries for analytical models that can be developed using well-defined unitmanufacturing processes.5.6.3.2 Production processes can consist of multiple unit manufacturing processes. In these scenarios, the sustainabilityperformance of a manufacturing process can be evaluated as an aggregation of the performance of unit manufacturing processes.The unit manufacturing processes id
