1、Designation: E1605 18bStandard Terminology Relating toLead in Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1605; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses i
2、ndicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard covers definitions for thefollowing:1.1.1 Terms that are commonly used in the field of manage-ment of lead hazards in facilities;1.1
3、.2 Architectural terms, particularly those associated witholder wood-frame buildings; and,1.1.3 Specialized terms that may be encountered by users inreports and notices that are generated during lead hazardmanagement activities.1.2 This terminology standard is supplementary to Termi-nology E631.1.3
4、Definitions adopted or derived from other documentsinclude the following:1.3.1 Some of the definitions in this terminology standardare adopted as exact copies from other sources. The source isbriefly identified at the right margin following the definitionand fully identified in Section 2.1.3.2 Some
5、of the definitions in this terminology standardare adapted from other sources. Changes in these definitionswere made only to clarify the meaning, to incorporate relatedterms that also are defined in this terminology standard, or toensure that the revised definition is consistent with those forrelate
6、d terms. The source is briefly identified with the words“adapted” at the right margin following the definition, and isfully identified in Section 2.1.4 Terms within the definitions that are shown in boldfaceare defined in this terminology standard.1.5 This terminology standard excludes the following
7、:1.5.1 Terms with a common dictionary meaning, except incases where there is a specialized definition within the field oflead hazard management.1.5.2 Terms that are used only in individual ASTM stan-dards in which they are defined adequately, whether formallyor by the context in which they appear.1.
8、6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to T
9、rade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C186 Test Method for Heat of Hydration of HydraulicCementC859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsD16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, andApplicationsD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD661 Test Method for Eval
10、uating Degree of Cracking ofExterior PaintsD772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-ing) of Exterior PaintsD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liq-uids and GasesD4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalkingof Exterior Paint Films
11、D4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating andLining Work for Power Generation FacilitiesE7 Terminology Relating to MetallographyE131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE344 Terminology Relating
12、to Thermometry and Hydrom-etryE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating toPhysical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse DerivedFuel (Withdrawn 2011)31This terminology is under the jurisdiction o
13、f ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23on Lead Hazards Associated with Buildings.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2018. Published January 2019. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E160518a. DOI:10.1520
14、/E160518B.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical stand
15、ard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Princ
16、iples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1E1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment(Withdrawn 2006)3E1227 Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Metals (With-drawn 1991)3
17、E1553 Practice for Collection of Airborne Particulate LeadDuring Abatement and Construction Activities (With-drawn 2002)3E1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace A
18、tomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE1644 Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust WipeSamples for the Determination of LeadE1727 Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples forSubsequent Lead DeterminationE1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples UsingWipe Sampling Method
19、s for Subsequent Lead Determi-nationE1753 Practice for Use of Qualitative Chemical Spot TestKits for Detection of Lead in Dry Paint FilmsE1777 Guide for Prioritization of Data Needs for PavementManagementE1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Leadin Surface DustE1796 Guide for Selection
20、 and Use of Liquid CoatingEncapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in BuildingsE1908 Guide for Sample Selection of Debris Waste from aBuilding Renovation or Lead Abatement Project for Tox-icity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Testingfor Leachable Lead (Pb)E1913 Guide for Conducting Static, A
21、xenic, 14-Day Phyto-toxicity Tests in Test Tubes with the Submersed AquaticMacrophyte, Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov (With-drawn 2012)3E1914 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical Analysis(Withdrawn 2016)3E1979 Practice for Ultrasonic Extractio
22、n of Paint, Dust,Soil, and Air Samples for Subsequent Determination ofLeadE2052 Guide for Evaluation, Management, and Control ofLead Hazards in Facilities (Withdrawn 2008)3E2115 Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments ofDwellings and of Other Child-Occupied FacilitiesE2239 Practice for Record K
23、eeping and Record Preservationfor Lead Hazard ActivitiesE2255/E2255M Practice for Conducting VisualAssessmentsfor Lead Hazards in BuildingsE2271/E2271M Practice for Clearance Examinations Fol-lowing Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in MultifamilyDwellingsE3074/E3074M Practice for Clearance Examinati
24、ons Fol-lowing Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Single Fam-ily Dwellings, in Individual Units of MultifamilyDwellings, and in Other Child-Occupied FacilitiesF141 Terminology Relating to Resilient Floor CoveringsF221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made The
25、refrom (With-drawn 2015)3F1156 Terminology Relating to Product Counterfeit Protec-tion Systems (Withdrawn 2001)3G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and ErosionIEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI), the Modernized Metric System2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:440 CFR 2
26、61 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste40 CFR 745.223 Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention inCertain Residential StructuresDefinitions40 CFR 745.226 Certification of Individuals and FirmsEngaged in Lead-Based Paint Activities: Target Housingand Child-Occupied Facilities40 CFR 745.227 Work
27、Practice Standards for ConductingLead-Based Paint Activities: Target Housing and Child-Occupied Facilities2.3 HUD Guidelines:5HUD Guidelines Guidelines for the Evaluation and Controlof Lead-Based Paint Hazards in HousingHUD Interim Guidelines Lead-Based Paint: Interim Guide-lines for Hazard Identifi
28、cation and Abatement in Publicand Indian Housing2.4 ISO Standard:6ISO 9000:2000 Quality management systems - Fundamen-tals and vocabulary3. Significance and Use3.1 The purpose of this terminology standard is to help usersunderstand and apply the large number of specialized termsused in connection wi
29、th the management of lead hazards byproviding a single, comprehensive, and consistent terminology.3.1.1 This terminology standard includes some terms thatmay be encountered, but whose use is discouraged. They areincluded for clarification and in order to provide the user withpreferred existing alter
30、nate terms.3.1.2 Architectural terms for individual building compo-nents are included to promote consistency of usage and to helpensure that sampling locations are recorded with sufficientaccuracy to allow independent confirmation of leadmeasurements, if necessary.3.2 A discussion is attached to cer
31、tain definitions to helpmake the definition clear or to show how the term and itsdefinition are related to other terms.3.3 Terms and definitions in this terminology standard arebased upon laws, regulations, and practices in the United Statesof America.3.3.1 Some of the definitions in this terminolog
32、y standardare adopted verbatim or are adapted from definitions that areformally stated or implied in laws and regulations. They are not4Available from U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO), 732 N. Capitol St.,NW, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.gpo.gov.5Available from U.S. Department of Housing an
33、d Urban Development (HUD),451 7th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20410, http:/www.hud.gov.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E1605 18b2intended to repla
34、ce the latter definitions. The user is respon-sible for understanding legal definitions and for ensuring thatthe legal obligations that are encompassed by them are fullysatisfied.3.3.2 Users in other countries should refer to applicablenational, regional, and local laws, regulations, and practices.4
35、. Terminologyabrasion resistance (coatings)ability of a coating to resistbeing worn away and to maintain its original appearance,integrity, and structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping,or wear.accessible surfaceinterior or exterior surface (usually up to5 ft (1.5 m) from floor or ground) that i
36、s accessible for ayoung child to mouth or chew. See also chewable surface.accreditation, nOfficial authorization, approval, or recogni-tion accorded an individual or organization based uponspecific qualifications. E631accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted referen
37、ce value. E456action level, na level of a contaminant in a medium at orabove which activities to control the level are initiated.DISCUSSIONThe action level may be a maximum allowable level, asin the definition of lead-containing paint. In other cases, it is defined asbelow a maximum allowable level,
38、 and used as a warning to prevent thelatter from being exceeded.An example is the action level in the OSHAlead standard.administrative controlsAdministrative measures that areused to control occupational exposures to hazards.DISCUSSIONThe most commonly used administrative controls arejob assignments
39、 and job rotations that are designed to limit the durationof worker exposure. Another administrative control is purchase controlto ensure the use of materials and equipment which produce the leastamount of hazard.administrative removal(of workers), temporary removal ofworkers from a job site prior t
40、o blood-lead levels reachingvalues requiring medical removal.analyte, nchemical or element that is the subject of thetesting or measurement in a sampling and analyticalprocedure, for example, lead in paint.anodic stripping voltammetryan electroanalytical tech-nique in which the concentration of a me
41、tal species analyte(such as lead) in a solution is determined by deposition (byreduction) on an electrode, then stripping from it (byoxidation). The peak electrical current is measured duringstripping, and is proportional to the original metal concen-tration.DISCUSSIONCommercial equipment is availab
42、le to perform thismethod in the field as well as in fixed-site laboratories.Apparent Lead Concentration (ALC)The X-ray fluores-cence (XRF) reading or average of more than one reading ona painted surface, not corrected for the substrate.DISCUSSIONThis value was used in a now-obsolete method ofcorrect
43、ing XRF readings for substrate effect, and has been replaced byuse of the Performance Characteristic Sheet.atomic absorptionabsorption of radiant energy by ground-state atoms.DISCUSSIONSubstances when dispersed as an atomic vapor willabsorb characteristic radiations identical to those that the same
44、sub-stances can emit. This property is the basis for analysis by atomicabsorption spectroscopy. D2864baluster (picket), none of a series of closely-spaced uprightmembers that support the handrail in a railing system. E631bare soil, nsoil or sand not covered by grass, sod, other liveground covers, wo
45、od chips, gravel, artificial turf, or similarcovering. E2255/E2255Mbaseboard, na molding covering the juncture of a wall andthe adjoining floor.batcha group of field or quality control samples that areprocessed together using the same reagents and equipment.E1553bias, nthe difference between the exp
46、ectation of the testresults and an accepted reference value. E456biological monitoringanalysis of a persons blood or urine,or both, to determine the level of lead contamination in thebody.blank sampleunexposed specimen of the medium used intesting, such as a wipe or a filter, which is analyzed witho
47、ther samples to determine whether samples are either (1)contaminated before collection (for example, in the field, orat the testing site), or are (2) contaminated after collection(for example, during transportation to the laboratory or in thelaboratory), or both. Also called a media blank,oradummysp
48、ecimen.DISCUSSIONBlank samples are also important in method validation.blood-lead level (blood level)concentration of lead in theblood, 1 mole/L = 20.72 g mL.DISCUSSIONBlood lead levels are associated with the risk andseverity of toxic effects.calibration curvegraphical or mathematical representatio
49、nof a relation between a measured parameter and a property ofthe standard for the substance under consideration. C859calibration standardsolutions of known analyte concentra-tion used to calibrate instruments. E1613DISCUSSIONCalibration standards must be matrix matched to theacid content present in sample digestates or extracts and must bemeasured prior to analyzing samples.certificationthe process of testing and evaluating againstcertain specifications the competence of a person,organization, or other entity in performing a function orservice,
