1、Designation: D7549 18Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils under High OutputConditionsCaterpillar C13 Test Procedure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7549; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory, without outside assistance, can use the test procedure d
3、escribedin this test method. The ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2provides calibration and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By this means the laboratorywill know whether its use of the test method gives results statistically similar to those obtained byothe
4、r laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilizes the TMC servicesin seeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army has such arequirement in some of its engine oil specifications. Accordingly, this test method is written for thoselabor
5、atories that use the TMC services. Laboratories that choose not to use these services shouldignore those portions of the test method that refer to the TMC. Information letters2issued periodicallyby the TMC may modify this test method. In addition the TMC may issue supplementary memorandarelated to t
6、he test method.ASTM International policy is to encourage the development of test procedures based on genericequipment. It is recognized that there are occasions where critical/sole-source equipment has beenapproved by the technical committee (surveillance panel/task force) and is required by the tes
7、tprocedure. The technical committee that oversees the test procedure is encouraged to clearly identifyif the part is considered critical in the test procedure. If a part is deemed to be critical, ASTMencourages alternative suppliers to be given the opportunity for consideration of supplying the crit
8、icalpart/component providing they meet the approval process set forth by the technical committee.An alternative supplier can start the process by initiating contact with the technical committee(current chairs shown on ASTM TMC website). The supplier should advise on the details of the partthat is in
9、tended to be supplied. The technical committee will review the request and determinefeasibility of an alternative supplier for the requested replacement critical part. In the event that areplacement critical part has been identified and proven equivalent, the sole-source supplier footnoteshall be re
10、moved from the test procedure.1. Scope*1.1 The test method covers a heavy-duty engine test proce-dure under high output conditions to evaluate engine oilperformance with regard to piston deposit formation, pistonring sticking and oil consumption control in a combustionenvironment designed to minimiz
11、e exhaust emissions. This testmethod is commonly referred to as the Caterpillar C13Heavy-Duty Engine Oil Test.31.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 ExceptionsWhere there are no SI equivalent such asscrew thr
12、eads, National Pipe Treads (NPT), and tubing sizes.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2018. Published Ja
13、nuary 2019. Originallypublished in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D7549 17. DOI:10.1520/D7549-18.2The ASTM Test Monitoring Center will update changes in this test method bymeans of Information Letters. This edition includes all information letters throughNo. 18-1. Information Letter
14、s may be obtained by from the ASTM Test MonitoringCenter, 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489, Attention: Administrator.3Caterpillar Inc., Engine System Technology Development, PO Box 610,Mossville, IL 61552-0610.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM
15、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Stand
16、ards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.11.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priat
17、e safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in
18、 the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels a
19、t Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)(Hydrocarbo
20、n Dry Cleaning Solvent)D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel
21、 OilD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD976 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of DistillateFuelsD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD2274 Te
22、st Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate FuelOil (Accelerated Method)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD3524 Test Method for Diesel Fuel Dilu
23、ent in Used DieselEngine Oils by Gas ChromatographyD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy
24、 Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination byPotentiometric Hydrochloric Acid TitrationD5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination ofUsed and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils byInductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-etry (ICP-AE
25、S)D5186 Test Method for Determination of the AromaticContent and Polynuclear Aromatic Content of DieselFuels and Aviation Turbine Fuels By Supercritical FluidChromatographyD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Eng
26、ine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inT-8 Diesel EngineD6078 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuelsby the Scuffing Load Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evalua-tor (SLBOCLE)D6681 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a HighSpeed, S
27、ingle-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar 1PTest ProcedureD6987/D6987M Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel En-gine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation DieselEngineE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlyi
28、ng Observations2.2 Other ASTM Document:ASTM Deposit Rating Manual 20 (formerly CRC Manual20)53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 blind reference oil, na reference oil, the identity ofwhich is unknown by the test facility.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis is a coded reference oil that issubmitted by a source in
29、dependent of the test facility. D41753.1.2 blowby, nin internal combustion engines, the com-bustion products and unburned air-and-fuel mixture that enterthe crankcase. D41753.1.3 calibrate, vto determine the indication or output of ameasuring device with respect to that of a standard. D41753.1.4 hea
30、vy duty, adjin internal combustion engineoperation, characterized by average speeds, power output, andinternal temperatures that are close to the potential maximums.D41753.1.5 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion enginetypes, one that is designed to allow operation continuous at orclose to its
31、 peak output.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThis type of engine is typically in-stalled in large trucks and buses as well as farm, industrial, andconstruction equipment. D41754For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
32、of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5For Stock #TMCMNL20, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM International Customer Service at serviceastm.org.D7549 1823.1.6 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a reference oil,such
33、 as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candidateoil. D41753.1.7 non-standard test, na test that is not conducted inconformance with the requirements in the standard testmethod, such running on an uncalibrated test stand, usingdifferent test equipment, applying different equipment assem-bly p
34、rocedures, or using modified operating conditions. D41753.1.8 reference oil, nan oil of known performancecharacteristics, used as a basis for comparison.3.1.8.1 DiscussionReference oils are used to calibratetesting facilities, to compare the performance of other oils, orto evaluate other materials (
35、such as seals) that interact withoils. D41753.1.9 test oil, nany oil subjected to evaluation in anestablished procedure.3.1.9.1 DiscussionIt can be any oil selected by the labo-ratory conducting the test. It could be an experimental productor a commercially available oil. Often, it is an oil that is
36、 acandidate for approval against engine oil specifications (suchas manufacturers or military specifications, and so forth).D41753.1.10 wear, nthe loss of material from a surface, gener-ally occurring between two surfaces in relative motion, andresulting from mechanical or chemical action or a combin
37、ationof both.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 overhead, nin internal combustion engines, thecomponents of the valve train located in or above the cylinderhead.3.2.2 tote, na container, smaller in capacity than a gallon.3.2.3 valve train, nin internal combustion engines, these
38、ries of components, such as valves, crossheads, rocker arms,push rods and camshaft that open and close the intake andexhaust valves.3.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms:3.3.1 ACERTAdvanced Combustion Emission ReductionTechnology3.3.2 ATGCaverage top groove carbon3.3.3 ATGCOaverage top groove carbon offset
39、3.3.4 CARBCalifornia Air Resources Board3.3.5 CATacronym for Caterpillar3.3.6 CRCCoordinating Research Council3.3.7 DACAData Acquisition and Control Automation3.3.8 ECMengine control module3.3.9 EOTend of test3.3.10 HCheavy carbon3.3.11 IMPintake manifold pressure3.3.12 LClight carbon3.3.13 LTMSLubr
40、icant Test Monitoring System3.3.14 MCmedium carbon3.3.15 NPTNational Pipe Thread3.3.16 OCoil consumption3.3.17 P/Npart number3.3.18 QIquality index3.3.19 RPTGCreference relative top groove carbon pro-file3.3.20 SDTGCOstandard deviation top groove carbonoutlier3.3.21 TGCtop groove carbon3.3.22 ULSDul
41、tra low sulfur diesel4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a Caterpillar production C13diesel engine (see Annex A3 for ordering information and listof engine build parts). Test operation includes a 60 min enginewarm-up and break-in, followed by a 4 h cool down and valvelash adjustment.
42、After the valve lash adjustment and any otherneeded adjustments, a 500 h test is begun. The engine isoperated under steady-state, rated-power conditions known togenerate excessive piston deposits or oil consumption or bothin field service. Report the total engine oil consumption as thesum of the mea
43、sured volumes in 50 h increments.4.2 Equip the test stand with the appropriate instrumentationto control engine speed, fuel flow, and other operating param-eters.4.3 Determine the engine oil performance by assessingpiston deposits and ring sticking, and oil consumption.4.3.1 Prior to each test, clea
44、n and assemble the engine withnew cylinder liners, pistons, piston rings, bearings and certainvalve train components. All aspects of the assembly arespecified. After the test, dismantle the engine and examine andrate the parts.4.3.2 A sample of engine oil is removed and an oil additionis made at the
45、 end of each 50 h period. The volume of the oiladdition is the sum of the volume of sample plus the volume ofoil consumed by the engine.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method assesses the performance of an engineoil with respect to control of piston deposits and maintenanceof oil consumption un
46、der heavy-duty operating conditionsselected to accelerate deposit formation in a turbocharged,intercooled four-stroke-cycle diesel engine equipped with acombustion system that minimizes federally controlled exhaustgas emissions.5.2 The results from this test method may be comparedagainst specificati
47、on requirements to ascertain acceptance.5.3 The design of the test engine used in this test method isrepresentative of many, but not all, diesel engines. This factor,along with the accelerated operating conditions, needs to beconsidered when comparing test results against specificationrequirements.6
48、. Apparatus6.1 Test Engine Configuration:6.1.1 Test EngineThe test engine is a production 2004Caterpillar 320 kW C13 engine, designed for heavy dutyD7549 183on-highway truck use. It is an electronically controlled,turbocharged, after-cooled, direct injected, six cylinder dieselengine with an in-bloc
49、k camshaft and a four-valve per cylinderarrangement. The engine uses CaterpillarsACERT technologyfeaturing multiple injections per cycle and inlet valve actuationcontrol. It features a 2004 US EPA emissions configurationwith electronic control of fuel metering, fuel injection timingand inlet valve actuation timing. Critical parts that can affectpiston deposit formation are specified for oil test engine use.See Annex A3 for source of the test engine and critical andnon-critical parts.6.1.2 Oil Heat Exchanger and Oil Heat SystemReplacet
