1、Designation: D7484 16D7484 18Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train WearPerformance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7484; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory, without outside assistance, can u
3、se the procedure described inthis test method. However, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2 provides reference oils and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By these means, the laboratorywill know whether its use of the test method gives results statistically
4、 similar to those obtained byother laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services inseeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army imposes such arequirement in connection with several Army engine lubricating oil specif
5、ications.Accordingly, this test method is written for use by laboratories that utilize the TMC services.Laboratories that choose not to use these services may simply ignore those portions of the test methodthat refer to the TMC.This test method may be modified by means of information letters issued
6、by the TMC.2 In addition,the TMC may issue supplementary memoranda related to the method.ASTM International policy is to encourage the development of test procedures based on genericequipment. It is recognized that there are occasions where critical/sole-source equipment has beenapproved by the tech
7、nical committee (surveillance panel/task force) and is required by the testprocedure. The technical committee that oversees the test procedure is encouraged to clearly identifyif the part is considered critical in the test procedure. If a part is deemed to be critical, ASTMencourages alternative sup
8、pliers to be given the opportunity for consideration of supplying the criticalpart/component providing they meet the approval process set forth by the technical committee.An alternative supplier can start the process by initiating contact with the technical committee(current chairs shown on ASTM TMC
9、 website). The supplier should advise on the details of the partthat is intended to be supplied. The technical committee will review the request and determinefeasibility of an alternative supplier for the requested replacement critical part. In the event that areplacement critical part has been iden
10、tified and proven equivalent the sole-source supplier footnoteshall be removed from the test procedure.1. Scope*1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engineequipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate
11、oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 ExceptionsSI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for scre
12、wthreads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.1.2.2 See also A8.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels,
13、and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2016November 2018. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 20152016as D7484 15.16. DOI: 10.1520/D7484-16.10.1520/
14、D7484-18.2 Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center will update changes in the test method by means of information letters. Information lettersmay be obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489. Attention Administrato
15、r. This edition incorporates revisions in allinformation letters through No. 161.17-1. www.astmtmc.cmu.edu.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be tec
16、hnically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of thi
17、s standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish app
18、ropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.1.4 Table of Contents:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5Ap
19、paratus 6Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents 7Preparation of Apparatus 8Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-ReferenceOil Tests9Test Procedure 10Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity 11Report 12Precision and Bias 13D7484 182SectionAnnexesSafety Precautions Annex A1Intake Air Aftercooler Annex A2The C
20、ummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit Annex A3Sensor Locations and Special Hardware Annex A4External Oil System Annex A5Fuel Specification Annex A6Cummins Service Publications Annex A7Specified Units and Formats Annex A8Oil Analyses Annex A91.5 This international standard was developed in accordance wit
21、h internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3
22、D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip
23、TestD235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Res
24、idue of Petroleum ProductsD613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric TitrationD976 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate FuelsD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Flu
25、orescent Indicator AdsorptionD2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 T
26、est Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by CentrifugeD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products,
27、Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination by Potentiometric Hydrochloric Acid TitrationD5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of Used and U
28、nused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by InductivelyCoupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)D5186 Test Method for Determination of theAromatic Content and PolynuclearAromatic Content of Diesel Fuels andAviationTurbine Fuels By Supercritical Fluid ChromatographyD5453 Test Method for Deter
29、mination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-8 Diesel EngineD6078 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the Scuffing Load Ball-on-
30、Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator(SLBOCLE)D6838 Test Method for Cummins M11 High Soot TestD6975 Test Method for Cummins M11 EGR TestE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations3. Terminology3.1 Defi
31、nitions:3.1.1 blind reference oil, na reference oil, the identity of which is unknown by the test facility.3.1.1.1 Discussion3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, r
32、efer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.D7484 183This is a coded reference oil that is submitted by a source independent from the test facility. D41753.1.2 blowby, nin internal combustion engines, that portion of the combustion products and unburned air/fuel mixture thatleaks
33、 past piston rings into the engine crankcase during operation.3.1.3 calibrate, vto determine the indication or output of a device (for example, thermometer, manometer, engine) withrespect to that of a standard.3.1.4 candidate oil, nan oil that is intended to have the performance characteristics nece
34、ssary to satisfy a specification andis to be tested against that specification. D41753.1.5 crosshead, nan overhead component, located between the rocker arm and each intake-valve and exhaust-valve pair, thattransfers rocker arm travel to the opening and closing of each valve pair.3.1.5.1 DiscussionE
35、ach cylinder has two crossheads, one for each pair of intake valves and exhaust valves. D68383.1.6 exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), na method by which a portion of engines exhaust is returned to its combustionchambers via its inlet system. D69753.1.7 heavy-duty, adjin internal combustion engine oper
36、ation, characterized by average speeds, power output and internaltemperatures that are close to the potential maximums. D41753.1.8 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a reference oil, such as a research formulation, commercial oil or candidate oil.D41753.1.9 non-standard test, na test that is not
37、 conducted in conformance with the requirements in the standard test method; suchas running in an uncalibrated test stand or using different test equipment, applying different equipment assembly procedures, orusing modified operating conditions. D41753.1.10 overhead, nin internal combustion engines,
38、 the components of the valve-train located in or above the cylinder head.D68383.1.11 reference oil, nan oil of known performance characteristics, used as a basis for comparison.D7484 1843.1.11.1 DiscussionReference oils are used to calibrate testing facilities, to compare the performance of other oi
39、ls, or to evaluate other materials (suchas seals) that interact with oils. D41753.1.12 sludge, nin internal combustion engines, a deposit, principally composed of insoluble resins and oxidation productsfrom fuel combustion and the lubricant, that does not drain from engine parts but can be removed b
40、y wiping with a cloth. D41753.1.13 test oil, nany oil subjected to evaluation in an established procedure. D41753.1.14 valve-train, nin internal combustion engines, the series of components such as valves, crossheads, rocker arms, pushrods and camshaft, that open and close the intake and exhaust val
41、ves. D68383.1.15 wear, nthe loss of material from a surface, generally occurring between two surfaces in relative motion, and resultingfrom mechanical or chemical action or a combination of both. D41753.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 lug, vin internal combustion engine operat
42、ion, to run the engine in a condition characterized by a combined mode ofrelatively low-speed and high-power output, with the potential to cause hesitation.3.2.2 ramp, vto change an engine condition at a prescribed rate when changing from one set of operating conditions to anotherset of operating co
43、nditions.3.2.2.1 DiscussionWhen ramping the engine speed down to a condition such that the engine lugs, the speed is forced down by increasing the torquein a such a way that the speed comes to idle before zero torque condition is reached.3.2.3 tappet, nin internal combustion engines, a valve-train c
44、omponent, located between the camshaft and push rod, thattransfers cam lobe travel to the rocker arm, opening and closing a pair of intake or exhaust valves.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a Cummins ISB diesel engine with 5.9 L displacement, equipped with exhaust gas recirculation
45、 andfeaturing an EPA2004 emissions configuration. Test operation includes a 17 min warm-up, an 80 h break-in, and a 350 h test cyclecomprising stages A and B. During stage A the engine is operated with retarded, fuel-injection timing to generate excess soot;during stage B the engine is operated at c
46、yclic conditions to induce valve-train wear.4.2 Prior to each test, the engine is cleaned and assembled with new, valve-train components. All aspects of the assembly arespecified.4.3 A forced oil drain, an oil sampling, and an oil addition are performed at the end of each 25 h period for the first 1
47、00 h ofthe test. Thereafter, oil samples are taken every 50 h. Oil additions are not made during the last 250 h of the test cycle.4.4 The test stand is equipped with the appropriate instrumentation to control engine speed, fuel flow and other operatingparameters.4.5 Oil performance is determined by
48、assessing crosshead wear, tappet weight loss and camshaft wear.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear underoperating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocha
49、rged and aftercooled four-cycle dieselengine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor,along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.6. Apparatus6.1 Test-Engine Configuration:6.1.1 Test EngineThe Cummins ISB is an in-line, six-cylinder, diesel engine with a displacement of 5.9 L. It is turbocharged,aftercooled, and has an overhead val
