1、Designation: D70 18D70 18aStandard Test Method forDensity of Semi-Solid Asphalt Binder (Pycnometer Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D70; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination
3、of the relative density and density of semi-solid asphalt binder and soft tar pitchesby use of a pycnometer.NOTE 1An alternate method for determining the density of asphalt binder is Test Method D3289. For materials which are too fluid for use of thistest method, use Test Method D3142/D3142M.NOTE 2T
4、his test method may also be used for the determination of the relative density and density of soft tar pitches.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
5、shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 WarningMercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many stateagencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervou
6、s system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may behazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products.See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the E
7、PAs website(www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containingproducts, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These no
8、tes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate sa
9、fety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of In
10、ternational Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD140/D140M Practice for
11、Sampling Asphalt MaterialsD3142/D3142M Test Method for Specific Gravity, API Gravity, or Density of Cutback Asphalts by Hydrometer MethodD3289 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid and Solid Asphalt Materials (Nickel Crucible Method)D3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Testing a
12、nd Inspecting Road and Paving MaterialsD4311/D4311M Practice for Determining Asphalt Volume Correction to a Base TemperatureE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of ThermometersE563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath
13、as a Reference TemperatureE644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Thermometers1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.47 onMiscellaneous Asphalt Tests.Current edition approved Apr
14、il 1, 2018Dec. 1, 2018. Published April 2018December 2018. Originally approved in 1920. Last previous edition approved in 20172018 asD70 17.D70 18. DOI: 10.1520/D0070-18.10.1520/D0070-18A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at servicea
15、stm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Beca
16、useit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appea
17、rs at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E879 Specification for Thermistor Sensors for General Purpose and Laboratory Temperature MeasurementsE1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resi
18、stance Thermometers2.2 Other:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 densitythe mass per unit volume of a material.3.1.2 relative densitythe ratio of the mass of a given volume of a material to the mass of the same volume of water a
19、t the sametemperature (see Note 23).NOTE 3Relative density is also described as specific gravity.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is placed in a standardized pycnometer. The pycnometer and sample are weighed, then the remaining volumeis filled with water. The filled pycnometer is brought to t
20、he test temperature and weighed. The density of the sample is calculatedfrom its mass and the mass of water displaced by the sample in the filled pycnometer.5. Significance and Use5.1 Values of density are used for converting volumes to units of mass, and for correcting measured volumes from thetemp
21、erature of measurement to a standard temperature using Practice D4311/D4311M.5.2 The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing theprocedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet th
22、e criteria of SpecificationD3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend onmany factors; fol
23、lowing the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means ofevaluation and controlling some of these factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Pycnometer, glass, consisting of a cylindrical or conical vessel carefully ground to receive an accurately fitting glass stopper22 to
24、 26 mm 0.9 to 1.0 in. in diameter. The stopper shall be provided with a hole 1.0 to 2.0 mm 0.04 to 0.08 in. in diameter,centrally located in reference to the vertical axis. The top surface of the stopper shall be substantially plane and have no chips, andthe lower surface shall be concave to allow a
25、ll air to escape through the bore. The height of the concave section shall be 4.0 to18.0 mm 0.16 to 0.71 in. at the center. The stoppered pycnometer shall have a capacity of 24 to 30 mL 0.95 to 1.18 in. and shallweigh not more than 40 g 1.4 oz. Suitable pycnometers are illustrated in Fig. 1.6.2 Wate
26、r Bath, constant-temperature, capable of maintaining the temperature within 0.1 C 0.2 F of the test temperature. Thewater bath shall be equipped with a thermometer as described in 6.3.6.3 ThermometerThe thermometer shall be one of the following:6.3.1 A liquid-in-glass partial immersion thermometer o
27、f suitable range with subdivisions and maximum scale error of 0.1 C0.2 F which conforms to the requirements of Specification E1. Calibrate the thermometer in accordance with one of the methodsin Test Method E77 or verify its original calibration at the ice point (Notes 34 and 45).Athermometer common
28、ly used is anASTM63C.FIG. 1 Suitable Pycnometers and StopperD70 18a2NOTE 4Practice E563 provides instructions on the preparation and use of an ice-point bath as a reference temperature.NOTE 5If the thermometer does not read 0.0 6 0.1 C 32.0 6 0.2 F at the ice point, then the thermometer should be re
29、calibrated.6.3.2 A platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) with sensor which conforms to the requirements of Specification E1137/E1137M. The thermometer shall be calibrated annually as a single unit and have a 3- or 4-wire connection configuration. Thesensing element shall be immersed to the depth spe
30、cified by the manufacturer. Calibrate the PRT system (sensor and readout) inaccordance with Test Methods E644 or verify its original calibration at the ice point (Notes 34 and 45). Corrections shall be appliedto ensure accurate measurements within 0.1 C 0.2 F.6.3.3 A thermistor thermometer with sens
31、or which conforms to the requirements of Specification E879, calibrated annually asa single unit. The sensing element of the thermistor shall be completely immersed. Calibrate the thermistor thermometer system(sensor and readout) in accordance with Test Methods E644 or verify its original calibratio
32、n at the ice point (Notes 34 and 45).Corrections shall be applied to ensure accurate measurements within 0.1 C 0.2 F.6.4 Balance, capable of making the required measurements to an accuracy of at least 0.001 g 0.00001 oz.6.5 Beaker, 600-mL 20-fluid oz or larger Griffin low-form beaker.6.6 Tongs or Cl
33、ean Nitrile (or Similar) Gloves, for placing and removing the pycnometer from the beaker.7. Materials7.1 WaterBoiled and cooled distilled or deionized water, free of visual contaminants. Water greater than three days postboiling and cooling shall not be used (Note 67).NOTE 6Water should be discarded
34、 or re-boiled if bubbles are seen in the pycnometer during testing.NOTE 7As an alternative to using heat, a vacuum source to pull a negative pressure until the water boils without heat may be used. In this case, thewater does not have to be cooled before use.8. Sampling8.1 Take samples in accordance
35、 with Practice D140/D140M. The sample shall be free of foreign substances.8.2 Thoroughly mix the sample before removing a representative portion for testing.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Partially fill a 600-mL 20-fluid oz or larger Griffin low-form beaker with freshly boiled and cooled distilled o
36、r deionizedwater to a level that will allow the top of the pycnometer to be immersed to a depth of not less than 40 mm 1.6 in.9.2 Partially immerse the beaker in the water bath to a depth sufficient to allow the bottom of the beaker to be immersed to adepth of not less than 100 mm 3.9 in., while the
37、 top of the beaker is above the water level of the bath. Utilize some method toensure that the beaker does not tip over, while making sure that circulation of the water in the conditioning bath around the beakeris not restricted.9.3 Maintain the temperature of the water bath within 0.1 C 0.2 F of th
38、e test temperature as determined by the thermometerdescribed in 6.3.10. Standardization of Pycnometer10.1 Perform each of the following steps, steps for each test temperature at which the pycnometer will be used, handling thepycnometer only with tongs or gloves as described in 6.6:10.1.1 Thoroughly
39、clean, dry, and weigh the pycnometer to the nearest 0.001 g 0.00001 oz. Designate this mass as A.10.1.2 Remove the beaker from the water bath, if necessary. Fill the pycnometer with freshly boiled distilled or deionized water,placing the stopper loosely in the pycnometer. Place the pycnometer in the
40、 beaker and press the stopper firmly in place. Returnthe beaker to the water bath if previously removed.NOTE 7Standardization must be done at the test temperature.Apycnometer standardized at one temperature cannot be used at a different temperaturewithout restandardization at that temperature.10.1.3
41、 Allow the pycnometer to remain in the water for a period of not less than 30 min. The water bath must be maintainedwithin 0.1 C 0.2 F of the test temperature as determined by the thermometer described in 6.3 during this time period. Removethe pycnometer and immediately dry the top of the stopper wi
42、th one stroke of a dry towel (Note 8), then quickly dry the remainingoutside area of the pycnometer and weigh to the nearest 0.001 g 0.00001 oz. Designate the mass of the pycnometer plus wateras B.NOTE 8Do not re-dry the top of the stopper even if a small droplet of water forms as a result of expans
43、ion. If the top is dried at the instant of removingthe pycnometer from the water, the proper mass of the contents at the test temperature will be recorded. If moisture condenses on the pycnometer duringweighing, quickly re-dry the outside of the pycnometer (excluding the top) before recording the ma
44、ss.11. Procedure11.1 Perform each of the following steps, handling the pycnometer only with tongs or gloves as described in 6.6:D70 18a311.1.1 Preparation of SampleHeat the sample with care, stirring to prevent local overheating, until the sample has becomesufficiently fluid to pour. In no case shou
45、ld the temperature be raised to more than 55 C 131 F above the expected softeningpoint for tar, or to more than 110 C 230 F above the expected softening point for asphalt. Do not heat for more than 120 min,and avoid incorporating air bubbles into the sample.11.1.2 Pour enough sample into the clean,
46、dry, warmed pycnometer to fill it about three-fourths of its capacity. Take precautionsto keep the material from touching the sides of the pycnometer above the final level and prevent the inclusion of air bubbles (Note9). Allow the pycnometer and its contents to cool to ambient temperature for a per
47、iod of not less than 40 min and weigh with thestopper to the nearest 0.001 g 0.00001 oz. Designate the mass of the pycnometer plus sample as C. The pycnometer shall behandled with only tongs or gloves during this entire process.NOTE 9If any air bubbles are inadvertently entrained, remove by brushing
48、 the surface of the asphalt in the pycnometer with a high “soft” flame ofa Bunsen burner or torch. To avoid overheating, do not allow the flame to remain in contact with the asphalt more than a few seconds at any one time.11.1.3 Remove the beaker from the water bath, if necessary. Fill the pycnomete
49、r containing the sample with freshly boileddistilled or deionized water, placing the stopper loosely in the pycnometer. Do not allow any air bubbles to remain in thepycnometer. Place the pycnometer in the beaker and press the stopper firmly in place. Return the beaker to the water bath ifpreviously removed.11.1.4 Allow the pycnometer to remain in the water bath for a period of not less than 30 min. Remove the pycnometer fromthe bath. Dry and weigh using the same technique and timing as that employe
