1、Designation: D4981 19Standard Practice forScreening of Oxidizers in Waste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is intended for use prior to preparation ofwaste samples for organic analysis. Waste samples that haveoxidizing compounds may react with certa
3、in reagents in thelaboratory (for example, organic solvents).1.2 This practice is applicable to the analysis of wasteliquids, sludges, and solids.1.3 This practice can neither identify specific oxidizingcompounds nor measure concentrations. Since no acid or baseis added in this practice, potential o
4、xidizers that require thepresence of acid or base will not be detected by this practice.1.4 It is recommended that, prior to this test, waste samplesbe screened for water compatibility; see Practices D5058.1.5 This practice is designed and intended as a preliminarytest to complement quantitative ana
5、lytical techniques that maybe used to determine the presence of oxidizers in wastes. Thispractice offers the ability to screen waste for potentiallyhazardous reactions due to oxidizer content when the moresophisticated techniques are not available or the total wastecomposition is unknown.1.6 The val
6、ues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate sa
7、fety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment o
8、f International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD5058 Practices for Compatibility of Screening Analysis ofWasteD5681 Terminology fo
9、r Waste and Waste Management2.2 EPA Standard:3SW-846 Test Method 1040 Test Method for Oxidizing Solids3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer toTerminology D5681.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 screening analysisa preliminary qualitative or se
10、mi-quantitative test that is designed to efficiently give the userspecific information about a waste that will aid in determiningwaste identification, process compatibility, and safety in han-dling.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A small portion of the sample is placed onto a strip ofpotassium iodide (KI)
11、 starch paper. The blue color, which is theresult of oxidizing the potassium iodide to iodine (I2)inthepresence of starch, indicates a positive test for oxidizers.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for use by those in wastemanagement industries to avoid potentially harmful reaction
12、sdue to oxidizing compounds in wastes.6. Interferences6.1 Materials that mask the KI starch paper (for example,oils, syrups, etc.) prevent reaction with the test paper or visualdetection of a color change.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the di
13、rect responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.05 onScreening Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2019. Published February 2019. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4981 12. DOI:10.1520/D4981-19.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
14、 orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Wa
15、shington, DC 20460,http:/www.epa.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on P
16、rinciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.16.2 Samples or slurries of samples that are already darklycolored prior to applying a test portion to the KI starch papercan give fa
17、lse results.6.3 Oxidizers such as ferric salts may not oxidize organics;however, they may show positive reactions with KI.NOTE 1All materials that potentially cause interferences as, forexample, those listed above should be investigated using a more rigorousprocedure such as that described in SW-846
18、 Test Method 1040.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent-grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents conform to specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications a
19、re available.4Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water as d
20、efinedby Type III of Specification D1193.7.3 Potassium Iodide (KI) Starch Paper Strips.7.4 Beakers.7.5 Pipet or Droppers.7.6 Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (3 % H2O2), commercialgrade.7.7 Nitric Acid (1 + 9)Add 1 volume of nitric acid(HNO3, sp. gr 1.42) to 9 volumes of water.8. Sampling8.1 Collect a rep
21、resentative sample of the waste in acontainer with a sealed lid.8.2 The sample should be analyzed as soon as possible.8.3 Allow the samples to stabilize to room temperature.9. Procedure9.1 Aqueous SamplesUsing a clean pipet or dropper, placea drop sample on a strip of KI starch paper and note colorc
22、hange.9.2 Non-Aqueous Samples (for example, solid, oil, or sol-vents):9.2.1 In a beaker, prepare a slurry by adding 1 to5gofsample to an equal amount of reagent water.9.2.2 Using a clean pipet or dropper, place a drop of slurryon a strip of KI starch paper.9.2.3 Note any color change.9.3 All sample
23、results shall be checked against the qualitycontrol and blank test strips to verify positive/negative readings(see Section 10).9.4 All positive results (a blue color) shall be reportedimmediately to prevent potential hazardous reactions that mayoccur.NOTE 2Analyst should be aware that the blue color
24、 on the referencestrip and any positive sample test strip will slowly fade with time. Asneeded or required, users can record the color change electronically orphotographically for archival purposes.10. Quality Control10.1 Quality control check samples, reference blanks, andduplicates should be perfo
25、rmed at an action level specified bythe laboratory and at an appropriate frequency.10.1.1 Place a drop of reagent water on a KI starch test stripto serve as a reference blank.10.1.2 Place a drop of 3 % H2O2solution (or 10 % HNO3)on a KI starch test strip to obtain a dark blue reference color.10.2 Me
26、thod detection limits should be determined by eachlaboratory by using a test oxidizer (7.6 or 7.7).11. Precision and Bias11.1 Precision and BiasNo information is presented abouteither the precision or bias of Practice D4981 for measuringoxidizers since the test result is nonquantitative.12. Keywords
27、12.1 oxidizers; screening analysis; starch-iodide paperASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent
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32、rs, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.D4981 192
