1、Designation: D4979 19Standard Practice forPhysical Description Screening Analysis in Waste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4979; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is used to identify wastes by describingcertain physical properties. It has been developed as a rapid buteffective means for
3、visually screening wastes when received inthe laboratory or during collection at the sampling site.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health,
4、and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific hazard and warning information is given in 8.1.6.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the
5、 Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management3. Terminology3.1 Definition
6、s:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer toTerminology D5681.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 screening analysisa preliminary qualitative or semi-quantitative test that is designed to efficiently give the userspecific information about a waste that will a
7、id in determiningwaste identification, process compatibility, and safety in han-dling.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Samples are inspected and the physical appearance isrecorded, including color, turbidity, viscosity, physical state,layering, and any other observable attribute (for example,texture).5. Si
8、gnificance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for use by those in the wastemanagement industries to aid in describing the physical char-acteristics of waste.5.2 This practice has two uses. One is to visually screenwastes being received at the laboratory to identify discrepan-cies between the waste
9、, manifest, and historical descriptions.The other use is to visually examine soil and water sampleswhile they are being collected. This information, along withprofessional judgment during sample collection, can be used toincrease the knowledge of the site contamination by increasingor reducing the n
10、umber of samples collected based on visibleindication of contamination or lack of visible indication ofcontamination. For example, if a soil or groundwater sample iscollected “up gradient” of the area of known or suspectedcontamination to obtain site background concentrations, andthe sample appears
11、contaminated, the up-gradient area can berelocated during that sampling event. Visual observation couldalso show that the sampling parameters need to be increased ordecreased. This may reduce or eliminate the need for additionalsampling trips to the field.6. Apparatus6.1 Disposable Spatula or Eye Dr
12、opper.6.2 Clear Glass Sample Containers.7. Sampling7.1 Samples should be obtained in clean, clear glass con-tainers.NOTE 1If chemical analysis at the laboratory is required, follow thesite sampling plan and use additional sample containers appropriate for therequired testing.7.2 Liquid samples may r
13、equire time to stabilize (that is,until layers reform).7.3 It may be helpful to pick up the sample container andtilt, rotate, swirl, or invert it or to manipulate the sample witha clean, disposable spatula or eye dropper.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManageme
14、nt and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.05 onScreening Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2019. Published February 2019. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4979 12. DOI:10.1520/D4979-19.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websit
15、e, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesT
16、his international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade
17、(TBT) Committee.17.4 In the laboratory, if necessary, allow the sample to cometo room temperature in a sealed container. For example, frozenmaterial should be allowed to thaw completely.8. Procedures8.1 Inspect the waste sample and describe the physicalattributes, noting the following areas.8.1.1 Co
18、lorDescribe the visual color of the sample. Ifmore than one color is present, list colors in decreasing orderof prominence. Additional descriptive terms may be useful (forexample, purple with swirls of blue and flecks of yellow).8.1.2 TurbidityDescribe liquid samples or liquid portionsof samples in
19、terms of clear (transparent), cloudy (translucent),or opaque.8.1.3 ViscosityDescribe the viscosity of liquids and slud-ges. Describe viscosity in reference to viscosity like water,medium viscosity like syrup or motor oil, or high viscosity likemolasses or warm tar. Tip the container sideways or inve
20、rt tonote the viscosity. If a sample is tipped 90 for 5 s and has novisible flow, report it as such.8.1.4 Physical StateDescribe as liquid, solid, sludge,powder, granular, etc. Note any unusual physical attributes.Note the general range of particle size (fine to coarse) and thepresence of larger chu
21、nks. The presence of any free liquidsmust be noted, as must the presence of (or for stabilized wastes,the absence of) sorbants (absorbants and adsorbents) as a soletreatment. Such sorbants might include sawdust, ground orwhole corn cobs, or vermiculite.8.1.5 LayeringDescribe any layering in terms of
22、 roughpercentages of the total sample. Record the color, turbidity, andphysical state of each layer. Describe multilayered samples bylisting the layers and their percentages from the top downward(that is, 5 % golden transparent medium-viscosity liquid over90 % black opaque low-viscosity liquid over
23、5 % blue trans-lucent low-viscosity liquid).NOTE 2The presence of oil, water, or heavier fractions such ashalogenated solvents can be confirmed by noting the solubility orinsolubility of each phase and, if insoluble, noting if it is heavier or lighterthan water.8.1.6 OdorNote only obvious incidental
24、 odors noticedduring sample handling. (WarningIntentional smelling ofsamples must not be performed under any circumstances!)8.2 All descriptions must be recorded in a complete andconcise manner.9. Keywords9.1 color; physical description; screening analysis; turbid-ity; viscosityASTM International ta
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