1、Designation: D4296 83 (Reapproved 2015)1D4296 18Standard Practice forSampling Pitch1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4296; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTESI units formatting was corrected editorially in May 2015.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling pitch at points of manufacture
3、, storage, and delivery.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard
4、 to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 11.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized pr
5、inciples on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standa
6、rd:2.1.1 bulk samplesample, na large sample, either from one place or made up of several incremental samples of the samematerial.2.1.2 composite samplesample, na thoroughly mixed gross sample.2.1.3 gross samplesample, na large sample made up of several portions (increments) of a mass of material.2.1
7、.4 incrementincrement, na portion of a material to be combined with other portions of the same material to provide alarger sample which will represent the whole material.2.1.5 representative samplesample, na part of a homogeneous material, or a part of the composited and mixed portions ofa material,
8、 which carries all the true properties and physical characteristics of the whole material.2.1.6 samplesample, na part taken as representative of a whole material.3. Summary of Practice3.1 Samples of liquid pitches are taken from process lines, storage, and shipment containers in increments required
9、to preparea representative sample for testing.3.2 Samples of solid pitches are taken from loading systems, storage, and shipment containers in increments required to preparea representative sample for testing.4. Significance and Use4.1 Sampling is as important as testing. If the sampling is improper
10、ly done, the sample of the material will be in error, and theanalysis will not represent the true properties of the material, and it may be impossible or impracticable to take another sample;whereas, if the sample is properly taken and the analysis is in error, another analysis can readily be made o
11、f the original sample.4.2 Samples may be taken for either of the following two purposes:4.2.1 To represent as nearly as possible an average of the bulk of the materials sampled, or4.2.2 To ascertain the maximum variation in characteristics which the material possesses.1 This practice is under the ju
12、risdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved April 1, 2015Dec. 1, 2018. Published May 2015December 2018. Originally appro
13、ved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 asD4296 83 (2015)1(2009) DOI: 10.1520/D4296-83R15E01.10.1520/D4296-18.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becau
14、seit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appear
15、s at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.3 A good sampling plan has the following characteristics:4.3.1 It protects the consumer against the acceptance of a bad batch of material.4.3.2 It protects
16、 the producer against the rejection of a good batch of material.4.3.3 It gives long-range protection to the consumer.4.3.4 It encourages the producer to keep his process in control.4.3.5 It minimizes the cost of sampling, inspection of testing, and administration.4.3.6 It provides information concer
17、ning the quality of the product.4.4 Sampling IntegrityWhen one takes a sample, one is attempting to represent a batch or lot of material with that sample.Different forms of pitch, and pitch in different types of containers, need to have different sampling plans and appropriate samplingequipment. Eac
18、h sampling plan should be designed so that it accomplishes its objective, which is to ascertain the characteristicsor quality of a batch or lot of material.5. Selection of Samples5.1 Pitches shall be sampled by the producer at the point of manufacture or storage, and at such time as to allow the tes
19、tscontrolling acceptance or rejection of quality, as specified by the consumer, to be made in advance of a shipment.5.2 Samples of pitches shall be taken by the consumer from the shipment containers immediately upon delivery and receipt andtests controlling acceptance or rejection of quality, as des
20、cribed by the consumers specifications, shall be made as soon as possible.6. Size of Samples6.1 The sample size of liquid materials shall be as follows:6.1.1 From process lines, 1 L (1 qt).6.1.2 From bulk storage, 1 L (1 qt) or 1 L aliquot of composite sample.6.1.3 From bulk shipment containers, 1 L
21、 (1 qt) or 1 L aliquot of composite sample.6.1.4 From barrels or drums, 0.5 L (1 pt) or 0.5 L aliquot of composite sample.6.2 The sample size of solid materials shall be as follows:6.2.1 From storage area, 4 L (1 gal) or 4 L aliquot of composite sample.6.2.2 From bulk shipment containers, 4 L (1 gal
22、) aliquot of composite sample.6.2.3 From barrels or drums, 0.5 L (1 pt) or 0.5 L aliquot of composite sample.7. Collection of Gross Sample7.1 A collection of gross sample represents a lot or batch of material and is composed of a number of increments.7.1.1 Collect the increments regularly and system
23、atically, so that the entire quantity of pitch sampled will be representedproportionately in the gross sample, and with such frequency that a gross sample of the required amount will be collected.8. Size of Increments8.1 To collect samples, use a shovel or specially designed tool or mechanical means
24、 for taking equal portions or increments.When samples are collected from the surface of loaded shipments, the gross sample shall consist of nine increments ofapproximately equal quantity. When sampling from piles, conveyer belts, and so forth, the gross sample shall consist of not lessthan 25 nor mo
25、re than 50 increments of approximately equal quantity.9. Protection and Preservation of Samples9.1 Sample containers shall be new or reusable containers which can be thoroughly cleaned with a solvent and wiped dry witha clean dry cloth.9.2 Care shall be taken to prevent the sample from becoming cont
26、aminated. Immediately after filling, hot liquid samplecontainers shall be positively covered, but not tightly sealed. Containers of solid materials shall be tightly and positively sealed.9.3 While sampling during inclement weather, attention shall be paid to prevent water from dropping into the hot
27、liquid sampleor samples of solid materials.9.4 Immediately after filling and sealing, the sampling containers shall be properly marked for identification with a suitablepencil on the container itself, not on the lid.10. Apparatus10.1 Sampling Equipment for Liquid Materials:10.1.1 If so equipped, pip
28、e lines and storage tanks may be sampled from valves installed in the lines or up the side of the tanks.A typical tank valve is shown in Fig. 1, and suitable line valves are illustrated in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.10.1.2 For sampling tank trucks, a pipe connection with attached sample valve similar to the
29、one shown in Fig. 2 may beinserted between the outlet pipe and unloading line.D4296 18210.1.3 A weighted sample bottle similar to those shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, or a “thief sampler” as shown in Fig. 6, or a “dipsampler” similar to that shown in Fig. 7, may be used to sample production and storage
30、 tanks, tank cars, and tank trucks.10.1.4 A “tube” or “thief” sampler may be used to sample materials in drums or barrels.10.2 Sampling Equipment for Solid Materials:10.2.1 Samples from loading systems may be taken with a shovel, metal or plastic scoop, or metal can.10.2.2 A shovel may be used to sa
31、mple storage bins, pitch piles, pitch bays, hopper cars, and dump trucks.10.2.3 A sampling spear as shown in Fig. 8 may be used to sample materials in drums, barrels, bags, and silos.10.3 Sampling Containers:10.3.1 Containers for liquid materials shall be wide-mouth cans with line screw caps or trip
32、le-seal friction-top cans.10.3.2 Containers for formed pitches or crushed solid pitch shall be triple-seal friction-top cans, sealable plastic or paper cartonswith inert inside coating, plastic sacks placed in other containers suitable for handling, or substantial strength paper bag which canbe stap
33、led closed.10.4 Mixing Equipment for Solid Materials:10.4.1 Section of clean canvas or plastic sheet of sufficient size to contain a large bulk sample which is to be reduced by mixingand quartering.10.4.2 A “riffle” as shown in Fig. 9 may be used for reducing gross samples to smaller sizes for testi
34、ng.10.4.3 A “shovel” may be used to reduce gross samples to smaller sizes by mixing and quartering as shown in Fig. 10.10.5 Mixing Equipment for Liquid Materials:10.5.1 Sample sizes of 4 L (1 gal) or less can be mixed by thorough stirring with a metal rod or wide blade metal paddle.10.5.2 A heavy du
35、ty electric stirrer is recommended for sample volumes over 4 L (1 gal) to 20 L (5 gal) in size.11. Hazards11.1 The sampler shall wear protective clothing, goggles, and rubber or heat-resistant gloves to protect oneself from accidentalcontact with hot liquid pitch.11.2 For prolonged exposure to the p
36、resence of pitch vapors or pitch dust, a suitable respirator mask should be worn to avoidinhalation of pitch vapors or dust. It is recommended that an appropriate barrier cream be applied to exposed areas of the skin.11.3 Sampling from rail cars shall be avoided when there is a possibility of shunti
37、ng operations taking place. It is recommendedthat flags be placed on both ends of the car to prevent accidental movement during sampling.11.4 It is recommended that no fewer than two persons be present when samples are taken from hot bulk vessels such as storagetanks, tank cars, and tank trucks.FIG.
38、 1 Typical Submerged Sampling DeviceD4296 18312. Sampling Liquid Pitch12.1 The following three sampling methods are recommended for sampling vertical tanks not capable of being agitated:FIG. 2 In-Line Sampling DeviceFIG. 3 Pipeline SamplerD4296 18412.1.1 Sample-Valve MethodLocate valves, with easy a
39、nd safe access provided, on the side of the tank with the first in thetop third of the tank, but no higher than 1 m (3 ft) from the top; the second in the middle of the tank; and the third in the bottomthird of the tank, but no lower than 1.1 m (312 ft) from the bottom. A recommended design of the s
40、ample valve is shown in Fig.1. Draw a minimum of 4 L (1 gal) of the product from each sample valve for test or composite.12.1.2 Thief Sampling MethodTake samples at the top, middle and lower sections of the tank by lowering a thief sampler intothe material. A satisfactory type with instructions for
41、use is shown in Fig. 6. The samples may be tested separately or combinedand mixed thoroughly for a composite analysis.12.1.3 Weighted Sample Bottle MethodTake samples at the top, middle, and lower sections of the tank by lowering the bottleinto the material. Two types of weighted sampling bottles ar
42、e illustrated in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.12.1.3.1 The essential feature of the method is to drop the stoppered bottle into the material to the desired depth, and then pullthe stopper by means of an attached chain. When the material fills the bottle, lift out of the liquid and empty into a clean container.
43、Drain the bottle as completely as possible, re-insert the stopper, lower into the material to the next sampling depth.12.1.3.2 Normally, there is not enough undrained residue from the first sample to affect the properties of the next sample takenfrom a different level. However, if substantial materi
44、al difference is suspected at various levels of the material, discard the first ofsuccessive samples to rinse the bottle and then return the bottle to the same level for another sample.12.1.3.3 The three samples may be tested separately for consistency to detect stratification or they may be combine
45、d, thoroughlymixed, and a 1 L to 4 L (14 gal to 1 gal) aliquot of the composite taken for determining the average characteristics of the material.FIG. 4 Weighted Sampling CanD4296 18512.2 Sampling Bulk Storage Tanks Equipped with Mechanical Agitators or Recirculating PumpsWhen the tank is equippedwi
46、th operating mechanical agitators or recirculating pumping systems which are performing adequate mixing of the tank contents,take a single sample by any of the methods described in 12.1.1, 12.1.2, or 12.1.3 to use for test purposes.12.3 Sampling Tank Cars and Tank Trucks:12.3.1 Samples of hot liquid
47、 materials may be taken by the dip method using a clean wide-mouth or friction-top can in a suitableholder or firmly attached to a metal rod. One such dip apparatus is shown in Fig. 7. Quickly lower the dip sample about 0.3 m (1 ft)below the surface of the liquid and carefully remove. Use a clean co
48、ntainer to take each sample, and then transfer the materialsampled to another clean container for retention and testing.12.3.2 If incremental samples are required for subsequent composite, samples may be taken as described in 12.1.2 or 12.1.3.12.3.3 When tank cars or tank trucks are being loaded or
49、unloaded, samples may conveniently be taken from the pipe linethrough which material is flowing by insertion of a sampling pipe into the rising section of the pipe line on the discharge side ofthe pump, or in a completely filled line in which gravity creates the materials flow.12.3.3.1 A suitable in-line sampling pipe is shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Turn the opening of the sampling pipe to face the flowof the liquid. Provide the pipe with a valve or plug cock and discharge into a sample receiver. Before the sample is taken, draw4 L (1 gal) of the materi
