1、Designation: D4172 18Standard Test Method forWear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4172; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers a
3、procedure for making apreliminary evaluation of the anti-wear properties of fluidlubricants in sliding contact by means of the Four-Ball WearTest Machine. Evaluation of lubricating grease using the samemachine is detailed in Test Method D2266.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asst
4、andard. Because the equipment used in this test method isonly available in kgf units, SI units in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to esta
5、blish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles
6、 for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2266 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics ofLubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)2.2 AN
7、SI Standard:3B3.12 Specification for Metal Balls3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.3.1.2 wear, ndamage to a solid surface, generally involv-ing progressive loss of material due to relative motion
8、betweenthat surface and a contacting substance or surface.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Three 12.7 mm (12 in.) diameter steel balls are clampedtogether and covered with the lubricant to be evaluated. Afourth 12.7 mm diameter steel ball, referred to as the top ball,is pressed with a force of 15 kgf or
9、 40 kgf (147 N or 392 N)into the cavity formed by the three clamped balls for three-point contact. The temperature of the test lubricant is regulatedat 75 C (167 F) and then the top ball is rotated at 1200 r/minfor 60 min. Lubricants are compared by using the average sizeof the scar diameters worn o
10、n the three lower clamped balls.NOTE 1Because of differences in the construction of the variousmachines on which the four-ball test can be made, the manufacturersinstructions should be consulted for proper machine set up and operation.NOTE 2Although the test can be run under other parameters, thepre
11、cision noted in Section 10 may vary. No aqueous fluid was included inthe round-robin to establish the precision limits.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used to determine the relativewear preventive properties of lubricating fluids in slidingcontact under the prescribed test conditi
12、ons. No attempt hasbeen made to correlate this test with balls in rolling contact.The user of this test method should determine to his own1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility ofSubcommitte
13、e D02.L0.11 on Tribological Properties of Industrial Fluids andLubricates.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4172 94 (2016).DOI: 10.1520/D4172-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
14、 www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/ww
15、w.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardi
16、zation established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate withfield performance or other
17、bench test machines.6. Apparatus6.1 Four-Ball Wear Test Machine4See Figs. 1-3.NOTE 3It is important to distinguish between the Four-Ball E.P. andthe Four-Ball Wear Test Machines. The Four-Ball E.P. Test Machine isdesigned for testing under heavier loads and lacks the sensitivity necessaryfor wear te
18、sts.6.2 Microscope,4capable of measuring the diameters of thescars produced on the three stationary balls to an accuracy of0.01 mm. It is more efficient to measure the scars withoutremoving the three balls from the holder.7. Materials7.1 Test Balls,5chrome alloy steel, made from AISIstandard steel N
19、o. E-52100, with diameter of 12.7 mm (0.5 in.)Grade 25 EP (Extra Polish). Such balls are described in ANSIB3.12. The extra-polish finish is not described in that specifi-cation. The Rockwell C hardness shall be 64 to 66, a closerlimit than is found in the ANSI requirement.7.2 Cleaning Fluids for pre
20、paring balls and apparatus forthe test should be those approved as nontoxic, capable ofremoving antirust coatings from the balls, eliminating test-oilcarryover from one test to the next, and not contribute to wearor antiwear of the test lubricant. When the fluid(s) isflammable, appropriate precautio
21、ns should be taken (see Note1). In the round-robin tests to determine repeatability andreproducibility no specific directions were given for cleaningballs and machine parts. Operators reported using varioussolvents with and without a sonic cleaning bath. Cleaningtechniques reported by some cooperato
22、rs are included inResearch Report RR:D02-1152, see Note 4.8. Test Conditions8.1 The test conditions used to develop the precision data asstated in Section 10 were:ABTemperature 75 C 2 C (167 F 4 F) 75 C 2 C (167 F 4 F)Speed 1200 r min 60 r min 1200 r min 60 r minDuration 60 min 1 min 60 min 1 minLoa
23、d 15 kgf 0.2 kgf (147 N 2 N) 40 kgf 0.2 kgf (392 N 2 N)9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Set up the drive of the machine to obtain a spindle speedof 1200 r min 6 60 r min.9.2 Set temperature regulator to produce a test-oil tempera-ture of 75 C 6 2 C (167 F 6 4 F).9.3 When an automatic timer is used to
24、terminate a test, itshould be checked for the required 61 min accuracy at 60 minelapsed time.9.4 The loading mechanism must be balanced to a zeroreading with all parts and test oil in place. To demonstrateproper precision an addition or subtraction of 0.2 kgf (1.96 N)should be detectable in imbalanc
25、e. Determination of accuracyof loading at 15 kgf and 40 kgf (147 N and 392 N) is difficultand generally limited to careful measurement of lever-armratios and weights or piston diameter and pressure gaugecalibration.10. Procedure10.1 Thoroughly clean four test balls, clamping parts forupper and lower
26、 balls and the oil cup using solvent or solventswith precautions indicated in 6.2. The parts can be final wipedusing a fresh (unused) lint free industrial wipe. After cleaning,all parts are only to be handled using a fresh wipe. No trace ofsolvent should remain when the test oil is introduced and th
27、emachine assembled.10.2 Tighten one of the clean balls into the spindle of thetest machine.10.3 Assemble three of the clean test balls in the test-oil cupand hand tighten using the wrench supplied by the equipmentmanufacturer, which has been found to be approximately33.8 Nm to 67.7 Nm (25 ftlb to 50
28、 ftlb).10.4 Pour the oil to be evaluated into the test-oil cup to alevel at least 3 mm (18 in.) above the top of the balls. Observethat this oil level still exists after the test-oil fills all of the voidsin the test-oil cup assembly. In the round-robin to establish thistest method the effect of oil
29、 level on wear was not determined.10.5 Install the test-oil cup/three balls in the machine andavoid shock loading by slowly applying the test load 15 kgf or40 kgf (147 N or 392 N).10.6 Turn on the heaters and set controls to obtain 75 C 62 C (167 F 6 4 F). Heater voltage or offset on proportionalcon
30、trollers should be capable of bringing stabilized tempera-ture within the prescribed limits.10.7 When the test temperature is reached, start the drivemotor which was previously set to drive the top ball at1200 r min 6 60 r/min. Machines with automatic start using aproportional controller will start
31、below the set temperature.4The Four-Ball Wear Test Machine and the Falex Model #6, Multi-SpecimenFriction and Wear Test Machine, both made by Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Drive,Sugar Grove, IL 60554, have been found satisfactory for this purpose. This companycan also furnish a microscope with a special
32、 base to measure the wear scars withoutremoving the balls from the test-oil cup. Discontinued models of the Four-Ball WearTest Machine made by Precision Scientific Co. and Roxana Machine Works are alsosatisfactory.5Steel balls meeting this description were used in developing the precision of thetest
33、. They are available from the manufacturer of the test machine and some ballmanufacturers. Some operators prefer to check a new box of balls by running an oilwith a known result.FIG. 1 Schematic of a Four-Ball Wear Test MachineD4172 182The proportional band should be set narrow enough to limit the“u
34、nder temperature” at start to near 2 C (4 F).10.8 After the drive motor has been on for 60 min 6 1 min,turn off the heaters and drive motor and remove the test-oil cupand three-ball assembly.10.9 Measure the wear scars on the three lower balls to anaccuracy of 60.01 mm by one of the following method
35、s:10.9.1 Option ADrain the test oil from three-ball assemblyand wipe the scar area with a tissue. Leave the three ballsclamped and set the assembly on a special base of a microscopethat has been designed for the purpose.4Make two measure-ments on each of the wear scars. Take one measurement of thesc
36、ar along a radial line from the center of the holder. Take thesecond measurement along a line 90 from the first measure-ment. Report the arithmetic average of the six measurements asscar diameter in millimetres.10.9.2 Option BRemove the three lower balls from theirclamped position. Wipe the scar are
37、a. Make two measurementsof each of the three scars. Make the two measurements at 90to each other. If a scar is elliptical take one measurement withthe striations and the other across the striations. Take care toensure that the line of sight is perpendicular to the surfacebeing measured. As in Option
38、 A, average the six readings andreport as scar diameter in millimetres.10.9.3 If the average of the two measurements on one ballvaries from the average of all six readings by more than0.04 mm, investigate the alignment of the three lower ballswith the top ball.11. Precision and Bias6NOTE 4The precis
39、ion data6were derived from cooperative testing by13 laboratories on 5 oils under the conditions listed in Section 7.Adescription of the oils and the average of wear scars obtained at each ofthe two testing conditions on each of the oils are shown in the Appendix.11.1 The precision of this test metho
40、d as determined by thestatistical examination of interlaboratory test results is asfollows.11.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successiveresults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the no
41、rmal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following value only in one case intwenty:Repeatability 5 0.12 mm scar diameter difference11.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on iden
42、tical test material would, inthe long run, exceed the following value only in one case intwenty:Reproducibility 5 0.28 mm scar diameter difference11.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of ball scar width can only be defined interms of a test method.6Supporting data h
43、ave been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1152. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.FIG. 2 Falex Model #6, Multi-Specimen Friction and Wear Test MachineD4172 18312. Keywords12.1 lubricant; wearAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Informatio
44、n)X1. SUMMARY OF COOPERATIVE TESTINGX1.1 Table X1.1 is a summary of cooperative testing.FIG. 3 Falex Variable-Speed Four-Ball Wear Test MachineTABLE X1.1 Summary of Cooperative TestingSample Scar Diameter, mmNumber Description 147 N 392 NLXI2-1 Mineral Oil, 46cSt at 40 C0.56 0.72LXI2-2 LXI2-1 plus 1
45、 %wt ZDTA0.27 0.42LXI2-3 LXI2-1 plus 2 %wt S/PB0.28 0.35LXI2-4 Synthetichydrocarbon0.53 0.76LXI2-5 Tricresylphosphate0.54 0.59AZDT = zinc O, O-dialkylphosphorodithioate.BS/P = additive containing sulfur and phosphorus.D4172 184SUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.L0 has identified the location of sele
46、cted changes to this standard since the last issue(D4172 94 (2016) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1, 2018.)(1) Revised subsections 1.2, 4.1, 8.1, 9.4, and 10.5.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any
47、item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical c
48、ommittee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at
49、a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (p
