1、Designation: C1675 19Standard Practice forInstallation of Precast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic BoxSections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast rein-forced concrete box sections
3、 cast monolithically and intendedto be used for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastesand sewage, and for passageways.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for infor
4、mation onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the Wo
5、rld Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC1433 Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Mono-lithic Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, andSewersC1433M Specific
6、ation for Precast Reinforced ConcreteMonolithic Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, andSewers (Metric)C1577 Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Mono-lithic Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, andSewers Designed According to AASHTO LRFDD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction C
7、haracter-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)2.2 ASCE Standard:3ASCE 26 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of BuriedPrecast Concrete Box Sections2.3 AASHTO Stand
8、ards:4AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges ,Div. II, Section 27AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications , Sec-tion 27AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design SpecificationsAASHTO M145 Classification of Soils and Soil-AggregateMixtures for Highway Construction Purposes3. Terminology3.1 For defin
9、itions of terms relating to precast box sections,see Terminology C822.3.2 For terminology related to soil classifications, see Prac-tice D2487.3.3 For terminology and definitions of terms relating tostructural design, see ASCE 26.3.4 Fig. 1 illustrates the installation terminology.4. Significance an
10、d Use4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner andthe owners engineer in preparing project specifications.5. General5.1 The precast reinforced concrete box section/soil systemshall be constructed to conform to the dimensions and require-ments specified or shown on the plans and to this
11、practice.Additionally, for highway projects, the precast reinforcedconcrete box section/soil system shall conform to requirements1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on ConcretePipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.Current edition
12、approved Feb. 1, 2019. Published February 2019. Originallyapproved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as C1675 18. DOI:10.1520/C167519.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandar
13、ds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.4Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO),
14、444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on
15、standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1of Section 27 of AASHTO Standard Specifications for High-way Bridges or AASHTO LRFD
16、Bridge Construction Speci-fications as appropriate. The owner is advised to provide orrequire adequate inspection of the box section installation atthe construction site.6. Excavation6.1 Trenches shall be excavated to the dimensions and gradespecified on the plans or as ordered by the owner. The wid
17、th oftrenches shall be kept to the minimum required for installationof the box sections and proper compaction of the sidefill.6.2 When ledge rock, compacted rocky, or other unyieldingfoundation material is encountered, it shall be removed to therequirements shown on the plans. Over-excavated areas s
18、hallbe backfilled with approved materials specified for the levelingcourse.6.3 The contractor shall make such provisions as required toensure adequate drainage of the trench to protect the levelingcourse during the construction operations. Where surface wateror groundwater conditions exist, the site
19、 and trench shall bedewatered.7. Foundation7.1 The foundation shall be moderately firm to hard in situmaterial, stabilized soil, or compacted fill material.7.2 When unsuitable or unstable material is encountered,the foundation shall be stabilized or removed and replaced withfirm and stable foundatio
20、n material.7.3 Where groundwater and soil characteristics contribute tothe migration of soil fines into or out of the foundation,leveling course, or overfill materials, methods to preventmigration shall be provided.7.4 Box sections installed over an unyielding foundation,including concrete, shall be
21、 cushioned so as to prevent non-uniform bearing in accordance with Section 8.8. Leveling Course8.1 A minimum 3 in. (75 mm) leveling course, as shown inFig. 1, shall be constructed of clean coarse grained soils: USCSSW, SP, GW, GP or any soil beginning with one of thosesymbols and with 12 % or less p
22、assing a #200 (75 m) sieve(AASHTO M145,A-1,A-3). The nominal maximum aggregatesize shall not be greater than 1 in. (25 mm) (#57 aggregate). Inthe event that the leveling course consists of layers with theupper layer being clean, uncompacted sand, that layer shall bea maximum thickness of 2 in. (50 m
23、m) to prevent non-uniformsettlement from personnel and equipment during the installa-tion process.8.2 In situ material that provide a suitable leveling course inaccordance with this practice shall be acceptable.FIG. 1 Box Section/Installation TerminologyC1675 1928.3 If rock strata or boulders are en
24、countered under the boxsection within the limits of the required leveling course, therock or boulders shall be removed and replaced with additionalleveling course material.8.4 A concrete slab is not an appropriate leveling course.9. Box Section Placement and Joining9.1 Box sections shall be installe
25、d to the line and gradeshown in the contract documents. Joining shall be in accor-dance with the box section manufacturers recommendations.NOTE 1(Advisory): Work should be started at the lowest end of thebox section line, and with the bell or groove end pointing upstream, layingspigots into bells wh
26、ere applicable.9.2 Adjustments in grade by exerting force on the boxsection with excavating equipment or by lifting and droppingthe box section shall be prohibited. If the installed box sectionis not on grade, the box section shall be completely unjoined,the grade corrected, and the box section then
27、 rejoined.9.3 Proper facilities and equipment shall be provided forhoisting and lowering the box sections without disturbing theleveling course and the sides of the excavation or damaging thebox sections.9.4 The ends of the box sections shall be free of anydeleterious materials that would prevent pr
28、oper joining orsealing of adjacent sections.9.5 The box section shall be joined so that when laid on theleveling course, it shall form a smooth, uniform line ofsections.NOTE 2(Advisory): Proper equipment, such as a come-along or puller,should be utilized to join the sections together.9.6 Unless desi
29、gned otherwise, multiple box sections inparallel multi-cell installations require positive lateral bearingbetween the sides of adjacent box sections. Compacted granu-lar backfill, flowable fill, or grouting between the sections areconsidered means of providing positive bearing.NOTE 3(Advisory): Cont
30、inuous, uniform contact between the backfillmaterial and the sides of adjacent boxes is necessary to achieve positivelateral bearing. The designer should define and detail the appropriatespacing between the multiple cells to facilitate the installation andcompaction, if necessary, of the specified m
31、aterial that is to be placedbetween the sides of the adjacent boxes.9.7 Precast reinforced concrete box sections shall behandled with reasonable care. If dragging sections causesdamage, then this practice shall be discontinued. Care shall betaken to prevent box sections from striking rock or other h
32、ardobjects during placement.9.8 Each joint shall be sealed to prevent migration of soilfines as specified in the project specifications and installed inaccordance with the manufacturers recommendations.9.9 If required by the contract documents, each joint shallmeet the specified infiltration and exf
33、iltration requirements.9.10 Unless otherwise approved by the owner, surchargeloads and loads from construction equipment transferred to abox section before, during, or after fill placement, eitherdirectly or through the fill, shall not be greater than the loadsassumed in the design (see Section 14,
34、Adequate Protectionfrom Surcharge and Construction Loads).10. Sidefill10.1 When the soil-structure interaction factor used in thedesign is based on compacted fill at the sides of the box, thesidefill shall be as required by the contract documents, but notless than clean, coarse-grained soils (USCS S
35、W, SP, GW, GPorAASHTO M145, A-1, A-3), or coarse-grained soils with fines(USCS GM, GC, SM, SC or AASHTO M145, A-2-4, A-2-5,A-2-6) compacted to at least 85 % Standard Proctor (see TestMethods D698). The sidefill shall be brought up on both sidesof the box section such that placement will not disjoint
36、 orcreate lateral movement of the box section.10.2 When the soil-structure interaction factor used in thedesign is not based on compacted fill at the sides of the boxsection, the use of native soils is acceptable. Sidefill shall befree of debris, organic matter, frozen material or large stoneswith a
37、 diameter greater than 3 in. (75 mm).10.3 Ponding or jetting to compact the sidefill shall bepermitted only where soil conditions permit free drainage andonly with the approval of the owner.11. Overfill11.1 Overfill shall be constructed as specified. Overfillmaterial shall be placed in layers with n
38、o greater than themaximum thickness specified and compacted to the requireddensity.11.2 The soil shall be approved material containing nodebris, organic matter, frozen material, or large stones with adiameter greater than one-half the thickness of the compactedlayers being placed or 3 in. (75 mm), w
39、hichever is less.11.3 When impact or vibratory equipment is used forcompaction, care shall be taken in accordance with the manu-facturers recommendations, to avoid damaging the box sec-tions.12. Sheathing Removal and Trench Shield Advancement12.1 Unless sheathing is to be left in place, it shall be
40、pulledout in vertical increments to permit placement and compactionof fill material for the full width of the trench.12.2 When trench shields or boxes are moved, the previ-ously placed box section shall not be disturbed. If suchdisturbance occurs, deadman anchors or other means shall beused to restr
41、ain previously placed box sections. Voids in thesidefill that are created by movement of a shield or box shall befilled and compacted in accordance with Section 10 of thispractice.13. Precast Concrete Appurtenances13.1 Manholes, pipe, junction boxes, and other adjoiningappurtenances shall be install
42、ed in a manner that will minimizedifferential settlement between the box section and appurte-nance.13.2 Precast concrete fittings, such as tees and wyes, shallbe bedded, installed, and overfilled with the same material andC1675 193in the same manner as the precast concrete box sections toprevent dif
43、ferential settlement between box section and fittings.14. Adequate Protection from Surcharge andConstruction Loads14.1 Construction equipment operations and material stock-piles placed over or adjacent to a box structure, can induceloading in excess of those used for the box culvert design.These typ
44、es of loads are permissible provided the ownersengineer or other qualified person confirms the structuralcapacity of the as-built box culvert (for example, steel rein-forcement areas, concrete strength, etc.) provided by themanufacturer is greater than the total loading demand. Ifnecessary, a design
45、ated temporary crossing of compactedoverfill shall be constructed over the top of the box section bythe contractor or installer, as directed by the owner or ownersrepresentative, such that construction loads do not exceed thebox section capacity. The designated temporary crossing pro-file shall be f
46、ree of abrupt changes in grade that would causeconcentrated loads or prevent the uniform distribution of loadsthrough all axles of passing equipment. In an embankmentinstallation, the overfill shall extend a minimum of one boxsection span or 3 ft (900 mm), whichever is greater, beyondeach side of th
47、e box section to prevent possible lateraldisplacement of the box section. If a large volume of construc-tion traffic must cross an installed line of box sections, thepoint of crossing shall be changed occasionally to minimize thepossibility of lateral displacement.15. Safety15.1 Safety requirements
48、for construction shall be in accor-dance with the applicable federal, state, and local regulations.16. Keywords16.1 box culverts; box sections; concrete; install; installa-tion; placement; precast; precast concreteAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. COMMENTARYX1.1 ScopeThe buried, concrete box sec
49、tions are part ofa composite system comprised of the box and the surroundingsoil envelope, which interact and contribute to the strength andstructural behavior of the system.X1.2 The soil-structure interaction factors mentioned inSection 10 are part of this practice. They are based on theresults of research on box/soil interaction, together withevaluation of current construction practice, equipment,procedures, and experience. For further information, referencethe AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.X1.3 The design of a concrete box for a particular installa-tio
